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HEALTH  SCIENCES  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


Martha  Riggins  Anderson 

and 

H.McLeod  Riggins 

Rare  Book  Fund 


A  GUIDE 


TO 


AMERICAN  MEDICAL  STUDENTS 


IN 


EUROPE 


BY 


HENRY    HUN,    M.D. 

LECTUBEB  ON  DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM  IN  THE  ALBANY 

MEDICAL  COLLEGE 


KEW   YORK 
WILLIAM  WOOD  &    COMPANY 

Nos.  56  and  58  Lafayette  Place 

1883 


Copyright  by 

WILLIAM  WOOD   &  COMPANY 

1883 


Trow's 

Printing  and  Bookbinding  Company 

201-213  East  Tivelth  St. 

NEW    YORK 


PEEFACE. 


Evert  year  a  large  number  of  Americans  go  to  Europe  to 
complete  their  medical  studies.  Unfortunately  the  great  ma- 
jority of  these  students  have  very  little  definite  information 
about  the  different  universities  or  about  the  way  in  which 
medicine  is  taught  abroad,  and  on  this  account  they  lose  much 
valuable  time  in  getting  to  work.  The  object  of  this  book  is 
to  furnish  this  information,  and  to  give  some  assistance  to  the 
student  at  the  outset  of  his  foreiim  study,  which  is  the  time 
that  he  stands  most  in  need  of  aid  ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
book  may  also  be  of  some  interest  to  medical  men  in  this 
country  who  wish  to  know  how  medicine  is  taught  in  Europe, 
although  in  order  that  the  Guide  might  be  of  such  a  size  as 
to  be  of  real  use  to  the  student,  it  was  necessary  to  omit  much 
which  might  be  of  interest  to  the  general  practitioner.  For 
a  large  part  of  the  information  in  the  book  I  am  indebted  to 
the  kindness  of  many  friends. 

Albany,  July,  18S3. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Preliminary  (Journey,  Language,  etc.),          ...  1 

Austria  : 

Vienna, .  14 

Prague, 31 

Germany : 

Dresden,         .         .         .         .      ^  .         •         .                  .         .  34 

Berlin, 35 

Berlin  (Matriculation), 39 

Leipzig,       ..........  48 

Heidelberg,             53 

Strasbourg, 56 

Bonn, 60 

Breslau, 62 

Erlangen, 64 

Freiburg, 66 

Giessen, .67 

Gottingen, 68 

Greifswald, 70 

Halle, 71 

Jena, 73 

Kiel, 74 

Konigsberg, 76 


VI  CONTENTS. 

Germany  {Continued) : 

PAGE 

Marburg, 78 

Munich, 79 

Rostock, ,  81 

Tubingen, 82 

Wiirzburg, 83 

Examination  and  Graduation, 85 

Switzerland  : 

Basel,          .                 92 

Bern, 93 

Zurich, 95 

France  : 

Paris, 97 

England : 

London, 115 

Dublin, 146 

APPENDIX, 149 


A    GUIDE 


TO 


AMERICAN  MEDICAL  STUDENTS  IN  EUROPE. 


Medical  students  constitute  the  only  class  of  students  who  in 
any  considerable  number  follow  the  good  old  German  custom 
of  supplementing  their  regular  course  of  study  (Lehrjahre) 
by  a  season  of  travel  (Wanderjahre)  for  the  purpose  of  seeing 
how  people  in  other  places  perform  that  work  which  is  to 
occupy  the  remainder  of  their  lives.  Most  of  the  students 
who  graduate  at  our  medical  colleges  feel  the  need  of  more 
clinical  work  before  commencing  the  practice  of  medicine, 
and  many  of  them  go  to  some  other  medical  centre  to  study 
for  a  time.  Besides  the  medical  knowledge  which  a  student 
acquires  in  his  foreign  tour,  the  contact  with  different  men 
and  different  customs  broadens  his  mind  and  improves  his 
judgment,  so  that  he  becomes  a  better  adviser  in  those  ques- 
tions not  strictly  medical  which  it  often  falls  to  the  lot  of  the 
medical  attendant  to  answer. 

Some  students  go  to  New  York,  or  the  other  large  cities 
of  America,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  go  to  Europe,  and 
especially  to  Germany.  The  reason  for  this  is  not  difficult  to 
understand.  In  our  large  cities,  and  especially  in  New  York, 
there  are  certain  clinics  and  opportunities  of  study  which  are 
probably  unsurpassed  in  the  world  ;  but  there  is,  undoubtedly, 
1 


2  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

no  place  where  a  student  can  attend  so  many  excellent  clinics 
with  so  little  loss  of  time,  or  where  he  can  so  well  train  his 
eyes  and  hands  in  methods  of  diagnosis  and  treatment,  as  in 
Vienna  ;  while,  if  he  is  less  anxious  for  clinical  study,  and 
wishes  to  train  himself  in  laboratory  work  and  methods,  he 
can  nowhere  accomplish  this  so  well  as  in  Germany.  In 
order  to  get  the  full  advantage  of  foreign  work,  it  is  neces- 
sary that  the  student  should  be  well  grounded  in  the  medical 
sciences  and  in  the  observation  of  disease  before  he  goes 
abroad.  Study  in  Europe  does  not  at  all  replace  the  hospital 
work  which  it  is  desirable  that  a  student  should  have  after  he 
has  completed  his  studies  in  the  medical  school.  A  house 
physician  or  surgeon  in  a  hospital  gets  a  practical  acquaint- 
ance with  disease,  and  an  opportunity  to  follow  its  course 
from  day  to  day,  as  well  as  a  self-confidence  in  treating 
patients  which  he  does  not  get  from  attending  clinics  and 
seeing  patients  in  whose  treatment  he  has  no  responsibility 
nor  concern. 

The  circumstances  of  each  individual  student  must  deter- 
mine whether  he  shall  go  abroad  immediately  on  the  com- 
pletion of  his  studies,  or  whether  he  shall  wait  till  he  has 
been  in  practice  a  few  years  and  discovers  what  he  really 
most  needs  to  learn.  Usually  on  graduation  a  student  is  too 
young  to  practise,  and  he  can  never  spare  the  time  for  a  trip 
to  Europe  as  well  as  then,  nor  will  his  mind  ever  be  so  ready 
to  acquire  new  ideas.  If,  after  having  been  in  practice  for 
several  years,  he  finds  it  desirable  to  study  some  special  sub- 
ject, he  will  be  able  to  go  abroad  and  study  it  to  much  better 
advantage  on  account  of  his  previous  medical  work  in  Europe. 
The  length  of  time  that  he  should  spend  abroad  must  also 
depend  on  the  circumstances  and  needs  of  each  individual 
student.  If  he  has  graduated  at  a  good  school,  and  has 
served  a  term  in  a  hospital,  and  wishes  to  fit  himself  for 
general  practice,  then  eighteen  months,  or  two  years,  are 
enough  for  his  foreign  work,  and  all  the  time  that  he  spends 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  3 

in  Europe  beyond  two  years  is  very  apt  to  be  to  his  disad- 
vantage. 

The  actual  expense  of  living  in  Europe  is  less  than  in 
America,  but  there  are  so  many  incidental  expenses,  such  as 
travel,  medical  instruments,  instruction,  etc.,  that  the  ex- 
penses run  up  to  a  figure  quite  equal  to  that  spent  at  home. 
By  exercising  the  very  strictest  economy,  a  medical  student 
could  study  in  Germany  for  a  year  (one  semester  being  spent 
in  Vienna,  the  other  in  a  smaller  town)  for  between  seven  and 
eight  hundred  dollars.  Practically  few  students,  who  wish 
to  live  comfortably,  will  be  able  to  bring  their  actual  expenses 
under  one  thousand  dollars  a  year.  If  a  student  lives  in  com- 
fort, travels  in  the  vacations,  takes  any  course  in  medicine 
that  he  wants,  without  regard  to  its  cost,  his  expenses  will 
run  up  to  two  thousand  dollars  and  over  without  any  of  the 
money  being  wasted  in  extravagance.  The  most  convenient 
way  to  carry  money  is  in  the  form  of  a  letter  of  credit,  which 
enables  its  possessor  to  obtain  money  at  any  time,  at  any 
place,  and  which  serves  as  a  letter  of  introduction  to  a  promi- 
nent banking  firm  in  every  city  who  will  take  charge  of  let- 
ters, and  who  will  be  able  to  give  useful  information  about 
the  city.  In  case  a  traveller  has  no  banker  to  receive  letters 
for  him,  letters  may  be  sent  to  any  place,  marked  "  Poste 
Kestante,"  in  which  case  they  will  be  kept  in  the  post-office 
till  called  for. 

Even  though  the  student  has  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  Ger- 
man  language,  and  can  read  it  without  much  difficulty,  he 
will  find  it  greatly  to  his  advantage  to  live  in  a  German  fam- 
ily for  a  couple  of  months,  and  to  work  at  the  language  be- 
fore he  commences  to  attend  lectures.  It  is  sometimes  said 
that  the  best  course  for  a  student  to  pursue  is  to  go  directly 
to  Vienna  and  commence  his  medical  study,  and  pick  up  his 
German  at  the  same  time.  This  is  unwise.  The  medical 
work  in  Vienna  is  so  varied  and  attractive  that  the  student  is 
tempted  to  devote  all  his  time  to  it  and  neglect  his  German, 


4t  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

There  are  a  great  many  English-speaking  medical  students 
in  Vienna,  almost  all  of  whom  speak  English  whenever  they 
have  an  ojDportunity  ;  and  the  majority  of  the  instructors  can 
speak  English  more  or  less  perfectly.  Consequently,  after 
the  student  has  been  studying  for  a  year,  he  will  probably 
find  that  he  has  heard  more  English  spoken  than.  German, 
and  that  he  understands  the  German  language  so  imperfect- 
ly, that  he  can  scarcely  speak  it  at  all,  and,  on  this  account, 
he  has  derived  about  half  the  profit  that  he  might  have  had 
from  his  medical  work.  If  a  student  wishes  to  commence 
his  medical  study  at  once,  and  not  give  up  his  time  entirely 
to  the  language,  he  should  go  to  a  small  university  where  he 
will  hear  only  German  spoken.  The  majority  of  medical 
students,  and  it  is  the  wisest  course  to  pursue,  devote  two  or 
three  months  to  the  uninterrupted  study  of  German.  The 
best  way  to  learn  the  language  is  to  live  in  some  German 
family,  and  to  enter,  as  much  as  possible,  into  their  domestic 
life  ;  to  go  on  excursions  into  the  country  with  them,  to 
accompany  them  to  concert-gardens,  and  to  seize  every  op- 
portunity for  conversation.  The  more  ladies  there  are  in  the 
family  the  better,  as  they  are  less  occupied  than  men  during 
the  day  by  business,  and  have  both  more  time  and  more 
inclination  for  talking.  It  will  be  a  little  difficult  at  first  to 
accommodate  one's  self  to  German  cooking,  but  the  people 
will  be  found  to  be  most  delightful  companions. 

It  is  customary  to  lay  much  stress  on  the  various  German 
dialects,  and  on  the  importance  of  acquiring  a  good  accent ; 
and  so  the  student  is  advised  to  go  to  Northern  Germany  in 
general,  and  to  Hanover  in  particular,  where  the  language 
is  spoken  in  great  purity  even  by  the  common  people.  It  is 
to  be  remembered,  however,  that  to  the  medical  student  the 
acquisition  of  the  German  language  is  a  thing  necessary  in- 
deed, but  altogether  subordinate  to  the  study  of  medicine, 
and  that  he  has  so  little  time  to  devote  to  the  former  that  at 
the  end  of  his  stay  in  Germany  neither  his  accent  nor  his 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUK0PE.  5 

grammar  will  be  quite  perfect,  no  matter  where  lie  has  stud- 
ied ;  and,  finally,  that  people  of  fair  education,  such  people 
as  he  is  likely  to  meet,  speak  German  much  alike,  irrespec- 
tive of  what  part  of  the  country  they  live  in.  Therefore,  if  in 
any  particular  case  it  is  desirable  to  live  in  some  city  other 
than  Hanover,  it  is  not  worth  while  to  sacrifice  much  for  the 
sake  of  the  purity  of  the  language. 

Before  the  student  can  settle  down  in  a  German  city,  and 
devote  himself  to  the  language,  there  is  a  long  journey  to  be 
made.  In  regard  to  the  different  lines  of  steamers  which 
cross  the  Atlantic,  their  relative  merits  and  demerits  are  so 
well  known  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  say  anything  more 
about  them  than  that  they  are  all  about  equally  good.  Many 
students  select  the  North  German  Lloyd  line  in  the  hope  of 
learning  some  German  on  the  voyage.  Generally,  however, 
owing  to  sea-sickness  and  to  the  fact  that  English  is  very 
commonly  spoken  by  the  passengers,  no  great  progress  in 
German  will  be  made  on  ship-board.  The  North  German 
Lloyd  is,  however,  a  very  good  line,  and  has  the  advantage  of 
landing  its  passengers  in  Germany  ;  while  the  excellent  table 
on  board  serves  as  a  pleasant  introduction  to  German  cook- 
ing. The  comfort  of  the  voyage  will  be  immensely  increased 
if  the  traveller  takes  on  board  a  warm  travelling  shawl,  or 
rug,  and  a  reclining  chair. 

When  the  traveller  arrives  in  Germany  he  should  get  an 
English  translation  of  "  Baedeker's  Guide"  to  that  part  of  Ger- 
many through  which  he  intends  to  travel.  These  guide- 
books are  very  valuable.  They  contain  an  account  of  the 
different  routes  through  the  country,  maps  of  the  country, 
and  plans  of  the  cities,  a  full  description  of  all  that  is  worth 
seeing  in  each  city,  and  a  list  of  the  first  and  second  class 
hotels  and  restaurants  ;  in  short,  all  the  information  that  a 
traveller  can  desire. 

Travelling  "  second  class  "  is  very  comfortable  in  Germany, 
and  medical  students  scarcely  ever  travel  first  class  ;  indeed, 


G  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

very  many  of  them  always  go  third  class.  There  is  so  much 
difference  between  travelling  in  Germany  and  in  America 
that  rather  minute  directions  as  to  how  to  get  started  rightly 
on  a  journey  may  be  of  service. 

On  arriving  at  the  railway  station  a  porter  takes  the  trunk 
from  the  carriage,  and  carries  it  to  the  baggage-room.  The 
traveller,  in  the  meantime,  buys  his  ticket,  and  then  goes  to 
the  baggage-room  and  points  out  his  trunk,  and  gives  his 
ticket  to  the  baggage-man.  His  baggage  is  then  weighed, 
and  after  he  has  paid  for  it  his  ticket  is  returned  to  him,  and 
he  is  given  a  small  piece  of  paper,  the  receipt  for  his  baggage, 
which  corresponds  to  the  American  baggage-checks.  On  ar- 
riving at  the  end  of  his  journey  the  traveller  should  give  this 
receipt  for  baggage  to  one  of  the  porters  on  the  platform  of 
the  station,  who  will  get  the  trunk  and  carry  it  to  a  carriage 
or  hotel  omnibus.  In  case  a  person  wishes  to  leave  the  trunk 
in  the  station  till  he  has  engaged  a  room,  etc.,  he  has  merely 
to  keep  the  receipt  for  baggage,  and  can  present  it  later  when 
he  is  ready  to  receive  the  baggage.  Sometimes  the  men  who 
weigh  the  baggage  ask  for  a  small  fee,  but  this  is  unusual. 
The  porter  who  carries  the  trunk  to  or  from  the  carriage 
should  have  a  fee,  the  regular  one  is  twenty  pfennige  (five 
cents),  but  a  few  pfennige  more  are  frequently  given.  The 
railroad  cars,  being  divided  into  small  compartments,  and  it 
being  impossible  to  pass  from  one  car  to  another  while  the 
train  is  in  motion,  it  is  wise  for  a  stranger,  before  getting  on 
board  the  train,  to  show  his  ticket  to  the  guard,  and  to  let 
the  latter  show  him  the  proper  car  and  tell  him  whether  it  is 
necessary  to  change  cars  before  his  journey's  end.  It  is  cus- 
tomary in  German}'  to  carry  one  or  two  valises  and  a  travel- 
ling-rug into  the  cars  as  hand-baggage.  If  the  weather  is  at 
all  cool,  a  travelling-rug  is  needed,  for  the  cars  are  very  im- 
perfectly heated. 

Baggage  is  charged  for  in  Germany.  In  Southern  Ger- 
many and  in  Austria,  all  baggage  must  be  paid  for  according 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUKOPE.  7 

to  weight.  In  Northern  Germany  twenty-five  or  fifty  pounds 
(varying  with  the  different  railways)  are  free,  and  everything 
in  excess  must  be  paid  for  according  to  weight.  On  crossing 
the  frontier  between  two  countries  it  is  always  necessary  to 
go  to  the  custom-house,  and  have  all  baggage  examined.  The 
examination  is  especially  directed  to  tobacco.  Passports  are 
almost  never  demanded,  except  in  Berlin,  but  at  times  they 
are  of  use.  On  account  of  the  extra  charge  on  the  railroads, 
and  of  the  numerous  fees  to  porters,  the  carrying  of  a  heavy 
trunk  on  a  long  journey  becomes  very  exj^ensive,  especially 
in  Southern  Germany.  Generally  it  is  possible  to  carry  all 
that  is  really  necessary  in  one  or  two  valises,  and  in  that  case 
it  is  cheaper  and  more  convenient  to  let  some  forwarding 
agent  (spediteur)  send  on  the  trunk  by  slow  freight.  These 
"  spediteurs  "  will  be  found  very  convenient  later,  when,  in 
some  of  the  vacations,  a  student  wishes  to  travel,  and  not  re- 
turn to  the  same  town.  All  the  baggage  which  is  not  needed 
on  the  journey,  can  be  left  in  the  care  of  one  of  these  agents, 
who  will  keep  it  and  forward  it  at  any  time,  to  any  place, 
charging  a  comparatively  small  fee.  These  "  spediteurs  "  can 
be  found  in  almost  every  town  in  Germany. 

After  having  arrived  in  the  city  in  which  the  student  in- 
tends to  study  the  language,  the  difficult  task  remains  of  find- 
ing a  family  in  which  to  live.  Large  pensions  are  to  be 
avoided,  for  in  them  there  is  usually  a  number  of  Americans 
and  English,  and  there  is  apt  to  be  too  little  German,  and 
too  much  English  spoken.  The  table  in  a  pension  will  gen- 
erally be  better  than  that  in  a  private  family,  but  the  advan- 
tages for  learning  the  language  in  the  latter  will  more  than 
countsrbalance  the  poor  food.  In  case  no  friend  has  recom- 
mended a  boarding-house,  it  is  best  to  apply  to  one's  banker, 
or  to  put  an  advertisement  in  the  paper.  To  the  advertise- 
ment there  will  probably  be  a  number  of  answers,  and  the 
most  attractive  place  among  them  can  be  selected.  In  regard 
to  learning  the  language,  the  more  time  that  is  devoted  to 


8  A    GL'IDE    TO    AMERICAN 

speaking  and  writing  it,  the  faster  will  be  the  progress  made  ; 
comparatively  little  time  need  be  devoted  to  the  grammar. 
The  part  of  the  day  not  occupied  by  the  study  of  German 
can  be  devoted  to  reading  German  medical  works,  or  to  medi- 
cal clinics,  if  there  is  an  hospital  in  the  city.  If  Munich  or 
Dresden  be  selected  as  the  cities  in  which  to  learn  German, 
the  spare  hours  of  the  day  may  be  devoted  to  the  picture  gal- 
leries, and  to  reading  some  systematic  work  on  art,  such  as 
Liibke  ;  for  a  little  knowledge  about  the  history  of  art  will  be 
of  much  use  and  pleasure  in  all  the  rest  of  one's  European 
travels.  The  Germans  are  a  very  music-loving  people,  and  if 
the  student  is  interested  in  music  he  can  combine  the  study 
of  that  branch  with  the  study  of  German. 

One  word  about  getting  instructors  in  these,  or  in  similar 
branches.  The  Germans  are  a  very  kind-hearted  people,  and 
always  seem  glad  to  be  of  service  to  foreigners.  If  a  stranger 
calls  on  the  professor  of  art  or  music,  or  on  the  director  of 
the  picture  gallery,  or  on  the  musical  director  of  the  opera  in 
any  city,  and  explains  to  them  what  sort  of  instruction  he 
wishes,  they  will  be  sure  to  treat  him  kindly,  to  take  an  in- 
terest in  his  success,  and  will  help  him  to  find  a  teacher. 
This  is  a  rule  which  holds  good  throughout  Germany,  and  if 
advice  is  wanted  about  the  study  of  any  branch  of  knowledge, 
the  professor  of  that  branch,  almost  without  exception,  will 
be  glad  to  give  advice  and  assistance  ;  and  a  stranger  need 
never  fear  meeting  with  a  rebuff. 

When  a  student  has  obtained  such  an  acquaintance  with 
the  language  that  he  understands  easily  what  is  said  to  him, 
and  can  make  himself  understood  without  great  difficulty, 
the  sooner  he  commences  his  medical  study  the  better.  As 
the  winters  are  gloomy  in  Germany,  if  he  wishes  to  do  much 
microscopical  work,  he  had  better  devote  a  summer  semester 
to  it,  and  arrange  his  time  accordingly.  The  advantages  of 
each  university  will  be  spoken  of  in  detail  later.  For  general 
work  in  clinical  medicine  and  surgery,  and  practical  exercises 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  9 

in  special  departments  (eye,  ear,  throat,  etc.),  most  students 
prefer  Vienna  ;  for  gynecology,  Berlin  ;  for  nervous  diseases, 
Berlin  or  Heidelberg  ;  for  histology,  Strasbourg  ;  for  patho- 
logical anatomy,  Heidelberg,  Strasbourg*,  or  Leipzig ;  for 
obstetrics,  Vienna,  Prague,  or  Dresden  ;  for  physiology, 
Leipzig,  or  Berlin  ;  for  physiological  chemistry,  Heidelberg 
or  Strasbourg  ;  for  anatomy,  Leipzig,  Vienna,  or  Halle,  etc. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  travel  about  from  place  to  place  any 
more  than  is  absolutely  necessary,  because  a  student  who  has 
studied  in  a  university  for  some  little  time  is  able  to  work 
there  to  better  advantage.  It  is  true  that  much  can  be  learned 
by  travelling  about  and  seeing  different  celebrated  men  and 
their  methods.  A  student  can  observe  many  of  the  peculiari- 
ties of  a  professor  by  one  or  two  visits  to  his  clinics.  This 
is  especially  true  in  regard  to  surgery.  The  knowledge 
thus  obtained,  however,  is  rather  incomplete  and  unsatisfac- 
tory. 

When  the  student  arrives  in  the  city  where  he  intends  to 
study  medicine,  in  order  to  determine  in  what  quarter  he 
had  best  secure  his  room,  he  should  stroll  about  and  note 
the  position  of  the  hospital,  and  the  different  university 
buildings.  These  buildings  do  not  stand  on  the  same  piece 
of  ground  as  our  university  buildings  do,  but  are  scattered 
throughout  the  city.  One  of  them,  where  the  university  offi- 
cers have  their  rooms,  and  where  all  the  business  of  the  uni- 
versity is  transacted,  is  called  the  "  Uniyersitat. "  There  are 
no  dormitories  where  the  students  have  rooms.  It  is  cus- 
tomary to  hire  a  room  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  building 
where  the  student  intends  to  do  the  most  work,  and  to  take 
his  dinner  and  supper  in  some  restaurant.  Many  restaurants 
have  a  regular  dinner  about  one  o'clock.  In  the  university 
towns  the  houses  in  which  the  students  live,  have,  when  any 
rooms  are  vacant,  notices  to  that  effect  pasted  on  the  house, 
so  that  in  walking  through  the  streets  a  person  can  select 
any  house  which  suits  his  fancy,  and  look  at  the  rooms  which 
1* 


10  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

are  for  rent  in  it.  The  landlady  furnishes  a  breakfast  of  cof- 
fee and  rolls. 

On  the  blackboards  at  the  entrance  of  the  university,  the 
hospital,  and  the  different  laboratories,  notices  are  joasted  up 
about  the  various  courses,  stating  the  date  of  commencement 
of  each  course  and  the  days  and  hours  on  which  it  is  to  be 
held.  These  notices  are  pasted  up  at  any  time  from  a  couple 
of  days  to  a  couple  of  months  before  the  course  commences. 
On  the  blackboard  at  the  entrance  of  the  university  (Universi- 
tiit),  besides  the  notices  about  the  different  courses,  there  are 
others  about  rooms  to  rent  in  the  city  and  about  the  time 
when  students  must  present  themselves  for  matriculation. 
Further  information  about  university  matters  can  be  obtained 
from  the  head-janitor  (Ober-Pedell),  or  the  Quaestor,  who 
both  have  rooms  in  the  university  building.  Information  as 
to  the  nature  of  the  instruction  in  any  course  can  be  best 
obtained  by  calling  on  the  professor  or  instructor.  If  a  stu- 
dent wishes  to  do  laboratory  work,  he  should  call  on  the  pro- 
fessor and  make  arrangements  about  his  desk,  etc.  In 
regard  to  other  courses,  it  is  customary  in  the  German  uni- 
versities to  call  on  the  professor  or  instructor,  and  make 
application  to  take  the  course  ;  in  Vienna,  however,  it  is  the 
rule  to  be  present  at  the  commencement  of  the  course  with- 
out having  made  any  previous  application,  but  some  of  the 
courses  in  Vienna  are  so  crowded  that  it  is  necessary  to  apply 
long  in  advance,  in  order  to  secure  a  place.  These  courses 
will  be  specified  later. 

At  any  book-store  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  university 
can  be  bought  the  university  catalogue,  which  contains  a  list 
of  the  different  courses  and  the  days  and  hours  on  which 
they  are  held,  but  not  the  date  of  their  commencement  nor 
the  place  where  they  are  held.  Information  on  these  points 
must  be  obtained  from  the  notices  pasted  on  the  blackboards. 
The  university  catalogues  are  published  just  before  the  close 
of  one  semester  for  the  ensuing  semester,  so  that  they  can  be 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IX   EUROPE.  11 

obtained  long  before  the  commencement  of  the  semester. 
A  catalogue  of  any  university  can  be  ordered  through  any 
book-store  in  any  city  of  Germany.  The  title  of  the  cata- 
logue is  "  Yerzeichniss  der  Yorlesungen  in Universitat  " 

for  the  winter  or  summer  semester,  as  the  case  may  be.  A 
very  useful  catalogue  is  published  which  contains  a  list  of  all 
the  courses  in  all  the  different  universities.  It  is  called 
Deutscher  UniversitHts-Kalender,  von  Dr.  F.  Ascherson,  Ber- 
lin, IT.  Theil.  It  appears  about  one  month  after  the  com- 
mencement of  each  semester. 

The  winter  semester  in  the  universities  is  advertised  to 
commence  on  the  middle  of  October  and  close  on  the  middle 
of  March,  and  the  summer  semester  to  commence  on  the 
middle  of  April  and  to  close  on  the  middle  of  August.  Keally, 
the  work  does  not  commence  till  about  a  fortnight  after  the 
advertised  time,  and  closes  about  ten  days  before  it.  It  is 
better,  however,  for  a  student  to  present  himself  within  a 
week  after  the  advertised  time,  in  order  to  make  sure  of  his 
work,  because  some  of  the  courses  are  very  much  crowded. 
The  available  time  of  the  semester  is  still  further  curtailed 
by  numerous  holidays,  which  cut  about  three  weeks  out  of 
the  winter  semester,  and  about  ten  days  out  of  the  summer 
semester.  It  is  well  to  know,  also,  that  although  the  lec- 
tures are  advertised  to  commence  at  a  certain  time,  they 
never  do  begin  till  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  it ;  this  so- 
called  "  academic  quarter  of  an  hour"  being  allowed  in  order 
that  the  students  may  go  from  one  lecture  place  to  another 
and  get  comfortably  seated  before  the  professor  enters. 

Vienna  differs  in  these  respects  from  the  other  universities. 
In  Vienna  the  semester  begins  pretty  promptly  at  the  adver- 
tised time,  and  the  lectures  commence  promptly  at  the  hour, 
it  being  very  unusual  to  allow  the  "  academic  quarter  of  an 
hour."  The  number  of  holidays  in  Vienna  is,  however,  quite 
as  lame  as  in  the  other  universities. 

O 

The  teaching:  in  Germany  is  eminently  demonstrative.    The 


12  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

instruction  is  given  by  professors,  extraordinary  professors, 
privat-docents,  and  assistants.  In  the  larger  universities  the 
professors  of  medicine,  surgery,  gynecology,  etc.,  conduct 
their  exercises,  as  a  rule,  in  the  following  way  :  The  students 
assemble  in  the  amphitheatre,  into  which  a  patient  from  the 
wards  is  brought.  A  student  (practicant)  is  called  down, 
Avho  examines  the  case  and  makes  his  diagnosis  and  suggests 
treatment.  The  professor  then  examines  the  case  and  criti- 
cises the  student's  examination,  diagnosis,  and  treatment,  and 
brings  out  all  that  he  wishes  to  say  about  the  case  in  this  dis- 
cussion, which,  although  carried  on  with  the  examining  stu- 
dent, is  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  class.  In  this  way  the 
professor  can  illustrate  anything  he  says  about  a  disease  by  a 
patient  actually  before  the  class,  and  the  student  is  trained 
to  a  systematic  method  of  examination,  and  his  defects  are  * 
brought  to  light  and  criticised.  Some  professors  discuss  the 
case  very  thoroughly  with  the  examining  student,  while  others 
pay  little  attention  to  the  student  and  direct  their  remarks 
about  the  case  to  the  class.  The  student  who  has  thus  exam- 
ined a  case  before  the  class  is  expected  to  follow  its  course 
from  day  to  day  in  the  ward.  In  the  large  universities  a  stu- 
dent is  not  allotted  more  than  two  or  three  such  cases  in  a 
semester. 

In  some  of  the  smaller  universities,  instead  of  meeting  in 
the  amphitheatre,  the  professor  and  students  make  a  daily 
visit  through  the  wards.  In  clinical  medicine,  for  instance, 
the  students  are  divided  into  two  classes,  auscultants  and 
praktikants.  As  the  professor  passes  from  bed  to  bed,  he 
points  out  what  physical  signs  are  present,  and  allows  the 
auscultants  to  examine  the  case.  To  the  praktikants,  who 
have  previously  been  auscultants,  he  gives  cases  for  examina- 
tion and  diagnosis,  and  discusses  the  case  with  them.  They 
are  then  expected  to  follow  the  course  of  the  case  from  day 
to  day. 

Instead  of  following  the  plan  above  described,  some  of  the 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  13 

professors   give   regular   systematic   lectures,   and   illustrate 
them  by  cases  which  are  shown  after  the  lecture. 

The  extraordinary  professors  usually  select  some  special 
branch  of  a  subject  to  lecture  upon,  and  give  a  course  of 
about  two  months  duration,  which  is  often  of  a  veiy  practical 
nature. 

The  privat-docents  are  young'  men  wrho,  having  passed  the 
examination  prescribed  by  the  state  for  doctors,  and  another 
examination  prescribed  b}T  the  university  for  privat-docents, 
are  allowed  to  give  instruction  in  some  special  branch.  The 
courses  which  they  give  are  usually  short — of  eight  or  ten 
weeks'  duration — are  more  practical  than  theoretical  in  their 
nature,  and  are  modified  to  suit  the  wishes  and  needs  of  the 
students.  The  number  of  privat-docents  is  much  greater  in 
the  larger  than  in  the  smaller  universities,  and  they  are  espe- 
cially numerous  in  Vienna. 

The  assistants  correspond  to  the  internes  or  house  officers 
in  American  hospitals,  and  it  is  only  in  Vienna  that  they 
give  much  instruction.  In  Vienna  the  assistants  are  usually 
older  than  in  the  hospitals  of  Germany,  and  the  treatment  of 
the  patients  is  left  to  a  great  extent  in  their  hands.  They 
give  short,  practical  courses,  illustrated  by  an  abundance  of 
material,  and  many  of  these  courses  are  considered  the  most 
Valuable  in  Vienna  by  the  American  students.  The  assistants 
follow  closely  in  their  methods  of  instruction  and  in  their 
remarks  about  the  cases  the  professors  whom  they  assist  ;  so 
that  though  the  assistants  are  constantly  changing,  yet  each 
assistant  instructs  as  did  his  predecessor,  and  as  long  as  the 
same  professor  remains  at  the  head  of  a  department,  the  as- 
sistants in  that  department  will  instruct  in  pretty  much  the 
same  way. 


11  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


AUSTRIA. 

VIENNA. 

In  Vienna  the  medical  instruction  is  given  in  the  general 
hospital,  which  contains  between  three  and  four  thousand 
patients,  and  in  the  polyclinic,  which  is  situated  close  to  the 
general  hospital,  and  which  is  a  sort  of  general  dispensary 
where  all  the  different  specialties  are  treated  at  different 
hours,  and  which  is  open  from  8  a.m.  to  6  p.m.  Some  little 
instruction  is  also  given  in  the  other  hospitals  in  Vienna. 
Londen  Gasse,  Schlossel  Gasse,  Floriani  Gasse,  Garnisson 
Gasse,  Schwarzspanier  Gasse,  and  the  neighboring  streets 
are  the  favorite  ones  for  students'  rooms.  The  houses  in 
which  rooms  are  to  rent  have  notices  to  that  effect  on  the 
doors,  so  that  a  student  has  merely  to  walk  along  the  street 
and  look  at  the  rooms  to  rent  till  he  has  found  a  room  and 
house  that  suits  him.  A  good  room  costs  between  twenty 
and  thirty  guldens  (between  nine  and  thirteen  dollars)  a 
month.  It  is,  of  course,  an  advantage  in  winter  to  have  a 
room  which  faces  south.  In  Vienna,  as  everywhere  on  the 
continent,  the  houses  are  large,  and  many  families  live  in  the 
same  house,  the  front  door  of  which  is  locked  at  night  by  the 
porter.  In  Vienna,  however,  the  curious  custom  exists  of  not 
giving  the  people  who  live  in  the  house  a  night-key,  conse- 
quently if  they  come  home  after  ten  p.m.  they  must  ring  the 
bell  and  wake  up  the  porter,  and  pay  him  ten  kreuzers  (five 
cents)  for  opening  the  door. 

The  medical  instruction  in  Vienna  differs  from  that  in  other 
universities,  in  this  respect,  that  in  Vienna  there  are  a  great 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  15 

many  extraordinary  professors,  privat-docents,  and  assistants, 
■who  give  courses  of  six  or  eight  weeks'  duration,  illustrated 
by  a  great  number  of  cases.  The  object  of  these  courses  is 
not  to  discuss  the  theory  of  the  diseases,  but  to  train  the  stu- 
dents in  the  use  of  their  eyes,  hands,  ears,  and  medical  in-  ' 
struments  in  the  examination  of  patients,  and  they  fulfil  this 
object  well.  These  are  the  courses  which  the  American  stu- 
dents in  general  like,  and  which  have  given  rise  to  the  rather 
unjust  report  that  the  medical  instruction  in  Vienna  is  very 
superficial.  The  regular  professors  discuss  in  their  lectures 
the  theoretical  part  of  the  subject,  and  a  student  who  listens 
to  such  men  as  Prof.  Meynert  will  hardly  complain  that  their 
lectures  are  too  superficial. 

These  short  courses  cost  from  seven  to  thirteen  dollars. 
The  touch  courses,  however,  which  are  very  expensive,  and 
consist  of  only  twenty-one  lessons,  cost  twenty-two  dollars. 
If,  as  frequently  happens,  the  hours  of  two  different  courses 
conflict,  so  that  a  student  is  obliged  to  abandon  one  course 
unfinished,  he  has  only  to  explain  the  difficulty  to  the  in- 
structor, who  will  allow  him  to  make  up  the  lost  time  in  his 
next  course.  There  is  a  pretty  sharp  struggle  for  some  of 
the  courses  in  Vienna.  Frequently  a  set  of  men  secure  some 
popular  instructor,  and  will  engage  course  after  course  with 
him  to  the  exclusion  of  all  the  other  students.  In  this  way 
some  of  the  very  best  courses  are  never  advertised,  and  a 
student  can  find  out  about  and  gain  admittance  to  them 
only  through  some  student  already  in  the  course.  It  is, 
however,  sometimes  possible  to  get  into  such  courses  by  ap- 
plying to  the  instructor. 

If  a  student  wishes  to  do  any  laboratory  work,  he  should 
call  on  the  professor  or  instructor  before  the  .course  com- 
mences. Generally  it  is  sufficient  to  present  one's  self  at  the 
place  and  hour  named  on  the  advertisement  for  the  com- 
mencement of  the  course.  Some  courses,  such  as  Bandl's 
and  Rokitansky's  on  gynecology,   or  physical  diagnosis   by 


16  A    GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

Prof.  Bamberger's  assistant,  or  anatomy  by  Prof.  Langer's  as- 
sistants, or  laryngoscopy  by  Prof.  Schlatter's  assistant,  are  so 
crowded  that  it  is  necessary  to  apply,  in  person  or  by  letter, 
long  in  advance  for  a  place  in  them.  In  the  same  way  in  the 
courses  of  Prof.  Bamberger,  Prof.  Billroth,  Prof.  Kaposi, 
and  Prof.  Neumann,  it  is  necessary  to  apply  long  in  advance 
to  secure  a  front  seat,  which  is  very  desirable  in  these  courses. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  matriculate  in  order  to  study  in 
Vienna,  and  thus  a  student  is  saved  much  trouble.  In  all 
the  courses,  except  those  given  by  the  regular  professor,  it  is 
possible  to  pay  the  instructor  himself.  In  some  of  the  courses 
given  by  the  regular  professor  it  is  not  possible  to  pay  either 
the  professor  or  his  assistant,  but  the  money  must  be  paid 
at  the  treasurer's  office.  This  is  a  very  difficult  operation. 
Usually  the  servant  in  Prof.  Bamberger's  clinic  will,  for  a 
small  fee,. pay  for  the  course,  and  bring  to  the  student  the 
various  papers  which  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  sign. 

On  the  blackboards  at  the  two  entrances  of  the  hospital 
and  at  the  entrance  of  the  polyclinic  are  pasted  up  the  no- 
tices of  the  different  courses  ;  on  account  of  the  great  number 
of  these  notices  it  is  verv  confusing  for  a  student  at  first  to 
select  the  courses  which  he  wants  to  take.  A  catalogue  of 
the  university  can  be  bought  at  the  bookstores  of  Braun- 
miiller  on  the  "  Graben,"  and  of  Toplitz  and  Dentike  near  the 
hospital.  These  stores  give  a  discount  of  ten  per  cent,  to 
medical  students. 

The  following  are  the  courses  given  by  the  regular  profes- 
sors :  Prof.  Bamberger  and  Prof.  Nothnagel  hold  a  medical 
clinic  every  day,  except  Saturday,  from  8  to  10  a.m. 

Prof.  Nothnagel  has  just  been  called  to  Vienna  from  Jena 
to  fill  the  chair  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Prof.  Duchek, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  how  he  will  conduct  his  clinic. 

Prof.  Bamberger  appears  in  the  amphitheatre  between 
8.30  and  8.45  a.m.  A  case  is  brought  in  and  a  student  ex- 
amines   it   rapidly.     Then   Prof.    Bamberger   makes   a  very 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  17 

thorough  examination  of  the  case  before  the  class,  and  dis- 
cusses it  with  the  examining  student.  His  method  of  sum- 
ming up  and  discussing  the  symptoms  in  arriving  at  a  diag- 
nosis is  exceedingly  interesting  and  instructive,  and  is  the 
strong  feature  of  the  clinic.  He  also  gives  briefly  the  latest 
points  in  the  pathology  and  therapeutics  of  the  disease. 
Prof.  Bamberger  speaks  very  low,  and  it  is  necessary  for  a 
foreigner  to  get  a  seat  in  the  middle  of  the  first  or  second 
row  of  benches. 

Prof.  Billroth  and  Prof.  Albert  hold  a  surgical  clinic  every 
day,  except  Saturday,  from  10  a.m.  to  12  m.  A  case  is  brought 
into  the  amphitheatre  and  a  student  examines  it.  Prof.  Bill- 
roth then  discusses  the  case  fully,  and  if  there  is  a  minor  op- 
eration to  be  performed  he  allows  the  student  to  do  it.  Prof. 
Albert's  course  is  conducted  in  the  same  way,  but  it  is  some- 
what more  systematic,  and  his  remarks  are  directed  rather  to 
younger  students,  while  Prof.  Billroth  picks  out  unusual  cases, 
and  his  remarks  are  directed  to  doctors  and  more  advanced 
students. 

Prof.  Carl  Braun  and  Prof.  Spaeth  hold  obstetrical  clinics 
daily,  except  Saturday,  from  12  to  2  p.m.  Prof.  Spaeth's 
clinics  are  intended  rather  for  younger  students.  He  gives 
systematic  lectures,  and  illustrates  them  by  cases.  Prof. 
Braun's  clinic  is  intended  for  more  advanced  students.  He 
presents  to  the  class  in  the  amphitheatre  any  remarkable  case 
which  may  be  in  the  ward  and  discusses  it.  A  student  is 
sometimes  called  on  to  examine  the  case,  but  this  is  not  done 
so  regularly  as  in  the  other  clinics,  and  Prof.  Braun  does  not 
criticise  the  student's  examination  much. 

In  connection  with  the  midwifery  clinics,  the  students  are 
allowed  to  work  in  the  obstetrical  wards  according  to  the 
following  system.  At  the  commencement  of  the  semester,  or 
any  time  in  the  course  of  it,  the  students  who  wish  to  prac- 
tise in  the  wards  write  their  names  on  a  so-called  regular  list. 
In  Carl  Braun's  wards  these  names  are  divided  into  groups 


18  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

of  eight  men  each.  Each  group  comes  on  in  succession  for 
work  during  twenty-four  hours.  It  rarely  happens  that  all 
eight  men  are  present,  and  any  deficiency  is  made  up  from  a 
so-called  extra  list.  This  extra  list  is  made  up  every  day  by 
men  who  wish  to  practise  that  day  writing  their  names  on  that 
list  in  the  morning.  Then,  if  any  man  of  the  regular  eight  is 
absent,  his  place  is  filled  up  from  the  extra  list,  the  assistant 
picking  out  a  name  partly  from  its  position  on  the  list  and 
partly  according  to  whether  the  man  has  recently  practised. 
To  each  of  the  eight  men  thus  selected  a  case  in  labor  is  as- 
signed, and  he  follows  the  case  through  the  whole  labor,  ex- 
amining frequently,  supporting  the  perineum,  and  if  he  is 
experienced  enough,  the  assistant  will  allow  him  to  do  any  of 
the  simpler  oj)erations  which  may  be  required  (forceps,  etc.). 

In  Prof.  Spaeth's  wards,  the  regular  list  and  the  extra  list 
is  made  up  in  the  way  above  described,  but  the  regular  list  is 
divided  into  groups  of  four  men  each,  and  then  any  deficiency 
in  the  regular  group  and  two  extra  men  are  appointed  from 
the  extra  list.  To  the  six  men  thus  appointed  no  particular 
cases  are  assigned,  but  each  case  in  the  deliveiy-room  may 
be  examined  bv  four  of  these  men,  who  must  write  their 
names  on  a  slate  at  the  head  of  the  bed,  and  the  man  whose 
name  is  first  down  can  examine  the  case  from  time  to  time  ; 
but  he  can  neither  support  the  perineum  nor  do  any  opera- 
tion, the  midwives  delivering  the  case. 

In  the  afternoon,  at  4  o'clock,  in  one  ward  or  the  other, 
there  is  an  admittance  (aufnahme)  of  patients.  The  assistant 
examines  the  different  applicants  to  see  if  they  are  suitable 
cases  to  be  admitted,  and  the  students  who  are  present  have 
an  opportunity  of  examining  after  him. 

In  pathological  anatomy  Prof.  Kundrat  gives  a  course  every 
day,  except  Saturday,  from  12  to  1.  on  general  pathological 
anatomy  in  the  wTinter  semester,  and  on  special  pathological 
anatomy  in  the  summer  semester.  He  also  gives  a  practical 
course,  from  3  to  4  p.m.,  on  the  making  of  autopsies,  three 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  19 

times  a  week.  Autopsies  are  being  performed  in  the  autopsy- 
room  during  the  whole  morning,  and  any  student  can  be 
present  and  witness  them. 

There  are  two  eye  clinics,  from  10  a.m.  to  12  m.  daily,  ex- 
cept Saturday,  the  first  hour  being  devoted  to  the  clinic,  the 
last  to  a  lecture  ;.  one  of  these  is  held  by  Prof.  Arlt,  and  the 
other  by  Prof.  Stellwag.  Prof.  Arlt  gives  regular  systematic 
lectures,  and  afterward  illustrates  them  by  cases  ;  his  clinic 
is  said  to  be  very  interesting. 

Prof.  Meynert  lectures  every  day,  except  Saturday,  from 
12  to  1.  On  three  days  he  gives  systematic  lectures  on  the 
functions  of  the  brain  and  their  disorders.  These  lectures 
are  very  interesting,  but  very  difficult  to  understand.  Twice 
a  week  he  exhibits  patients.  On  Saturday,  from  10  to  12, 
he  demonstrates  the  anatomv  of  the  brain.  He  also  allows 
students  to  work  in  his  laboratory  on  the  finer  anatomy  of 
the  nervous  system.  His  work  and  lectures  are  very  interest- 
ing, but  he  is  very  irregular  in  his  attendance. 

Prof.  Hofmann  lectures  daily,  from  2  to  3  p.m.,  on  medical 
jurisprudence,  and  gives  practical  instruction  in  the  manner 
of  making  autopsies  in  such  cases  on  Tuesday  and  Thursday 
from  3  to  1  p.m. 

Prof.  Brucke  gives  lectures  and  demonstrations  in  physi- 
ology and  histology  every  day  from  11  to  12,  except  Satur- 
day. He  also  allows  students  to  work  in  his  laboratory,  either 
in  general  physiological  experiments  or  in  original  investiga- 
tions. 

Prof.  Langer  gives  lectures  and  demonstrations  in  anatomy 
dailv  from  9  to  10  a.m.  In  the  winter  semester  he  lectures 
on  the  bones,  muscles,  and  viscera,  and  in  the  summer  semes- 
ter on  the  vessels,  nerves,  and  organs  of  sense.  There  is  a 
great  abundance  of  material,  and  a  student  can  work  in  the 
dissecting-room  from  morning  till  nm\ht,  and  can  receive  as- 
sistance  whenever  he  is  in  need  of  it. 

Prof.  Strieker  gives  a  lecture  and  demonstration  on  experi- 


20  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

mental  pathology  in  the  winter  semester  daily,  except  Satur- 
day, from  1  to  2  p.m.  He  also  allows  advanced  students,  who 
wish  to  make  original  investigations,  to  work  in  his  famous 
laboratory. 

Prof.  E.  Ludwig  lectures  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  from 
5  to  6.30  p.m.,  on  medical  chemistry,  and  directs  practical  ex- 
ercises in  that  branch  in  his  laboratory. 

Prof.  "Wedl  gives  practical  instruction  in  the  use  of  the 
microscope  and  in  histology. 

Prof.  Vogl  lectures  daily,  except  Saturday,  from  10  to  11 
a.m.  ,  on  materia  medica,  and  exhibits  the  drugs.  He  also  con- 
ducts practical  work  in  the  preparation  of  drugs  and  in  an- 
alysis. 

These  lectures  by  the  regular  professors  are  not  attended 
by  the  majority  of  American  students.  It  is  well,  however, 
to  attend  them  a  few  times  in  order  to  learn  the  methods  and 
characteristics  of  the  professors.  A  considerable  number  of 
Americans  attend  the  clinics  of  Profs.  Bamberger,  Billroth, 
Braun,  and  Arlt,  and  many  students  take  out  Prof.  Braun's 
ticket  in  order  to  be  able  to  practise  in  his  obstetric  wards, 
which  is  a  much  cheaper,  although  more  time-consuming  way 
of  learning  practical  obstetrics  than  the  touch  courses  later  to 
be  described. 

One  of  the  most  popular  courses  in  Vienna  is  that  given  by 
Prof.  Bamberger's  assistants,  T(3lg  and  Neusser,  on  plrysical 
diagnosis.  This  course  is  rarely  advertised.  It  is  held  from 
2  to  3  or  3  to  4  p.m.,  and  is  limited  to  four  or  six  students. 
Two  students  are  given  a  case  which  they  examine  together 
thorouo-hlv.  Then  the  assistant  comes,  and  discusses  the  case 
with  them  fully.  The  assistants  have  Prof.  Bamberger's  clear 
style  of  exposition,  and  the  course  is  a  very  valuable  one. 
Prof.  Nothnagel's  assistants,  Langer  and  Kogerer,  give  courses 
which  are  conducted  in  the  same  way,  but  the  cases  are  not 
quite  so  thoroughly  discussed.  Privat-docent  Heitler  gives 
an  excellent  course,  which  is  conducted  in  the  same  manner, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  21 

but  there  are  more  students  iu  his  class,  so  that  each  one  does 
not  receive  so  much  attention.  Prof.  Schrotter  and  Prof. 
Schnitzler  give  practical  courses  on  the  examination  of  the 
heart  and  lungs,  which  are  not  altogether  satisfactory.  There 
is  often  much  delay  in  the  beginning  of  Prof.  Schrotter's 
course,  and  that  of  Prof.  Schnitzler  is  held  only  once  a  week. 
In  addition  to  the  above,  Privat-docents  Bettleheim  and  N. 
"Weiss  give  courses  on  physical  diagnosis,  as  do  also  Profs. 
Stern,  and  Stoffella,  and  Privat-docents  Kolisko,  Eollett,  and 
Drozda.  Privat-  docent  Breuer  gives  a  course  on  the  new 
methods  of  clinical  investigation  and  therapeutics  on  Saturday 
and  Sunday  from  11  to  12  m. 

There  are  many  good  courses  on  operative  surgery  given 
in  Vienna.  Prof.  Billroth's  assistants,  Wolner  and  Hacker, 
give  o})erative  courses  on  the  cadaver  an  hour  daily  for  six 
days  in  the  week.  They  first  perform  the  operations,  and 
then  each  student  in  turn  performs  them.  The  anatomy  of 
the  part  is  shown,  and  especial  attention  is  devoted  to  the  dif- 
ficulties which  present  themselves  when  the  operation  is  per- 
formed on  the  living  subject.  The  same  assistants  give  ex- 
cellent courses  on  fractures  and  luxations,  and  on  any  part 
of  surgery  which  the  students  may  desire.  Similar  courses 
are  given  by  Prof.  Albert's  assistants,  Meydl  and  Lorenz. 
Privat-docents  Wolner  and  Nedopil,  give  excellent  courses  on 
operative  surgery  and  on  minor  surgery.  In  the  operative 
course  Dr.  Wolfler  discusses  more  fully  the  operation  as  it 
jn'esents  itself  in  the  living  subject  and  Dr.  Nedopil  devotes 
himself  rather  to  the  anatomy  of  the  part.  During  the  winter 
semester  Dr.  Weichselbaum  gives  an  excellent  course  on  oper- 
ative surgery  in  the  military  hospital,  which  adjoins  the  gen- 
eral hospital.  Privat-docent  Hofmokl  gives  a  good  course  on 
minor  surgery.  In  it  a  student  has  an  opportunity  of  doing 
some  small  operations,  and  of  seeing  a  number  done  by  tho 
instructor.  Dr.  Hofmokl  also  gives  a  number  of  courses  on 
special  departments  in  surgery.     Besides  the  above-mentioned 


22  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

courses,  Prof.  Salzer  and  Prof.  Bohm  give  courses  on  surgical 
operations,  and  Prof.  Mozetig-Moorhof  gives  a  course  on 
special  surgical  operations.  Privat-docent  Englisch  gives  a 
course  on  fractures  and  luxations,  and  also  a  course  on  dis- 
eases of  the  urinary  and  generative  organs.  Dr.  Fieber  gives 
a  course  on  minor  surgery  and  also  one  on  bandaging,  and 
Prof.  Cessner  gives  a  course  on  surgical  instruments  and  on 
bandaging. 

Perhaps  the  most  popular  courses  of  all  in  Vienna  are  the 
"  touch  "  courses,  but  they  are  very  exjDensive  (fifty  gulden  for 
twenty-one  lessons).  The  assistants  in  the  obstetrical  wards 
give  two  kinds  of  courses — operative  courses  and  "  touch  " 
courses.  It  is  better,  although  not  absolutely  necessary,  that 
the  operative  course  should  precede  the  "touch"  course,  and 
should  be  taken  of  the  same  instructor.  In  the  operative 
course  cadavers  of  children  are  placed  in  a  phantom  or  in  the 
cadaver  of  a  woman,  and  the  students  are  exercised  in  di- 
agnosticating the  position,  and  in  performing  the  different 
operations  of  obstetrics  in  all  their  varieties.  The  touch 
course  is  limited,  onty  four  men  are  allowed  in  it.  A  preg- 
nant woman  is  examined  by  a  student,  then  by  the  assistant, 
and  then  by  the  three  other  students,  much  attention  being 
paid  to  diagnosticating  the  j)osition  by  the  abdominal  exam- 
ination ;  then  the  case  is  discussed  in  all  its  aspects.  No 
time  is  lost,  and  from  six  to  eight  women  are  thus  examined 
in  the  hour.  Then  the  students  witness  any  operation  which 
may  take  place  during  the  three  weeks  that  their  course  lasts. 
It  is  of  advantage  to  take  this  course  in  Prof.  SjDaeth's  wards, 
rather  than  Prof.  Braun's,  for  this  reason :  in  Prof.  Braun's 
ward  (see  above)  each  case  is  in  charge  of  some  student  who, 
if  he  is  competent,  is  supposed  to  do  any  minor  operation  that 
may  be  necessary  ;  in  Prof.  Spaeth's  wards,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  case  belongs  to  no  particular  student,  and  any  mi- 
nor operation  which  it  is  needful  to  do  the  assistant  turns 
over  to  a  member  of  his  touch  course,  so  that  in  each  course 


oo 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  2 

each  student  gets  a  chance  to  perform  a  couple  of  operations 
on  the  average. 

Gynecology  is  not  so  well  taught  in  Vienna  as  is  obstetrics. 
The  best  course  is  probably  the  one  given  by  Prof.  Chrobak, 
except  that  the  students  in  this  course  do  not  see  very  many 
cases.  The  course  is  given  through  the  whole  semester  three 
times  a  week,  and  consists  of  svstematic  lectures,  illustrated 

j  %i  J 

by  patients,  and  of  practice  in  diagnosis.  The  course  most  pop- 
ular with  the  students  is  the  one  given  by  Prof.  Bandl,  from  10 
to  12  a.m.  This  course  is  limited  to  ten  men.  Applications  for 
the  course  and  the  number  of  courses  desired,  must  be  made 
long  in  advance.  Thev  can  be  made  by  letter,  but  the  stu- 
dent  must  be  present  at  the  opening  of  the  course  to  claim 
his  place.  The  students  examine  the  patient  in  turn.  Each 
student  tells  what  he  finds  and  tries  to  make  a  diagnosis. 
Then  Prof.  Bandl  examines  and  tells  what  is  there,  and  then 
all  examine  again  to  feel  it.  Prof.  Bandl  discusses  the  case 
a  little.  During  the  course  one  gets  an  opportunity  to  see  a 
few  operations. 

About  equally  popular  with  Prof.  Bandl's  is  Prof.  Rokitan- 
sky's  course  in  gynecology,  which  must  also  be  engaged  a 
long  time  in  advance.  It  is  held  from  10  to  12  a.m.,  and  is 
managed  in  the  same  way  as  Prof.  Bandl's  course.  The  num- 
ber of  students  is  limited  to  four,  so  that  more  patients  can 
be  examined  in  the  hour  than  in  Prof.  Bandl's  course.  Prof. 
I'okitansky  discusses  the  cases  well,  and  during  the  course 
'one  sees  a  number  of  operations.  It  is  held  in  Prof.  Bokitan- 
sky's  private  hospital. 

Prof.  Bandl  and  Privat-docent  Lott  give  excellent  courses 
on  gynecological  operations,  in  which  the  student  is  taught 
how  to  do  the  operations  on  the  cadaver.  The  courses  are 
held  in  the  evenings  from  5  to  7,  but  as  it  is  sometimes  diffi- 
cult to  get  sufficient  material,  the  course  is  apt  to  extend  over 
a  pretty  long  time. 

The  assistants  of  Prof.  Braun  and  Prof.  Spaeth  also  give 


24  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

practical  courses  in  gynecology,  and  instruction  in  the  same 
department  is  given  by  Dr.  Funk  and  Dr.  Massari  and  Dr. 
Schlesinger. 

The  study  of  nervous  diseases  is  not  satisfactory  in  Yienna. 
Prof.  Benedikt  holds  a  good  clinic  on  nervous  diseases  from 
12  to  1.30  p.m.  on  Saturdays.  He  also  gives  a  good  course  on 
electro-diagnosis  and  therapeutics,  and  an  interesting  one  on 
craniotomy.  Prof.  Rosenthal  and  Privat-docent  N.  "Weiss 
give  short  courses  on  nervous  diseases,  in  which  a  number  of 
cases  are  exhibited,  and  Privat-docent  F.  Fieber  gives  a  course 
on  nervous  diseases  and  electro-therapeutics ;  but  none  of 
these  courses  are  altogether  satisfactory. 

On  insanity,  Privat-docent  Fritsch  gives  an  excellent  course. 
The  first  part  of  the  hour  is  taken  up  with  a  short  theoretical 
lecture,  and  the  last  part  with  a  demonstration  of  patients,  of 
which  there  are  a  great  number  constantly  passing  through 
the  hospital.  The  student  examines  the  case  and  makes  a 
diagnosis,  and  Dr.  Fritsch  criticises  him.  Dr.  Fritsch  will 
modify  his  course  to  suit  the  wishes  of  his  students.  The  as- 
sistant of  Prof.  Meynert  will,  if  desired,  give  a  practical  course 
on  insanity  in  the  wards.  Prof.  Leidesdorf  and  Prof.  Schlacrer 
each  hold  clinics  on  insanity  at  the  insane  asylum,  which  is 
not  far  from  the  hospital.  In  these  clinics  the  first  half  of 
the  hour  is  devoted  to  a  lecture,  and  the  last  half  to  the  ex- 
hibition of  patients. 

The  favorite  courses  on  diseases  of  children  in  Yienna  are 
those  of  Prof.  Widerhofer  and  Prof.  Monti.  Prof.  Wider- 
hofer  holds  his  clinic  at  the  children's  hospital  daily,  except 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  from  11  to  12  m.  He  does  not  en- 
ter the  room  till  11.20,  and  after  a  short  lecture  on  some  sub- 
ject he  presents  the  cases  and  lectures  upon  them  in  a  very 
interesting  way.  It  is  necessary  to  come  early  to  these  lec- 
tures and  to  get  a  seat  near  the  table,  in  order  to  be  able  to 
see  and  to  examine  the  children.  The  seats  are  not  reserved. 
On  Wednesday  a  surgical  clinic  is  held  in  place  of  the  medical 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE.  25 

one.  After  the  clinic  the  students  can  accompany  Pro£ 
Widerhofer  on  his  visits  through  the  wards  of  the  hospital. 

Prof.  Monti's  clinic  at  the  polyclinic,  from  10  to  11  a.m.,  is 
conducted  in  the  same  way  as  Prof.  \Yiderhofer's,  except  that 
systematic  lectures  on  children's  food,  intestinal  derange- 
ments,  etc.,  form  a  more  prominent  part  of  the  clinic,  and 
fewer  patients  are  seen.  On  Wednesday  a  surgical  clinic  is 
held.  Dr.  Fiirth  holds  a  clinic  at  the  polyclinic  from  3  to 
4  p.m.  He  does  not  discuss  the  cases  very  fully,  but  he  is 
anxious  to  have  the  students  see  all  the  cases  and  learn  all 
they  can  from  him,  and  at  his  clinic  a  student  has  a  good 
opportunity  to  make  a  physical  examination  of  the  children. 
Courses  on  children's  diseases  are  also  given  by  Prof.  Max 
Pollitzer,  and  by  Privat-docents  Eisenschitz,  Huttenbrenner, 
Hauke,  and  Becker.  Dr.  Friedinger  gives  a  course  on  vac» 
cination  and  diseases  of  infants. 

There  are  many  courses  on  diseases  of  the  eve.  Privat- 
docent  Ber^meister  gives  an  excellent  course  of  systematic 
lectures  on  external  diseases  of  the  eye  daily  from  8  to  9.30 
a.m.  After  his  lecture  he  exhibits  cases  to  illustrate  it.  Once 
a  week  he  gives  a  lecture  on  anomalies  of  refraction.  Dr. 
Borysickiewicz  gives  an  excellent  practical  course  on  the 
ophthalmoscope,  in  which,  after  a  few  preliminary  lectures, 
the  students  examine  a  variety  of  cases,  the  instructor  going 
about  constantly  from  one  student  to  the  other  to  see  that 
each  one  sees  all  that  there  is  to  be  seen.  Dr.  Borvsickiewicz 
also  gives  a  course  on  anomalies  of  refraction  and  accommo- 
dation, and  also  an  excellent  course  on  the  operations  of  the 
eye,  the  students  having  an  opportunity  to  perform  the  oper- 
ation on  the  cadaver.  Prof.  Jaeger  gives  an  excellent  course 
on  diseases  of  the  eye,  illustrated  by  patients,  and  also  two 
excellent  courses  on  ophthalmoscopy,  and  operations  on  the 
eve  similar  to  those  of  Dr.  Borvsickiewicz.  Privat-docent  Dr. 
Beuss  gives  a  very  good  general  course  on  diseases  of  the  eve 
at  the  polyclinic  every  afternoon,  except  Saturday.  Privat* 
2 


20  A    GUIDE    TO   AMERICAN 

docent  Dr.  Hock  gives  a  general  course  on  diseases  of  the 
eye,  including  ophthalmoscopic  practice,  as  does  also  Prof. 
Mau timer.  Privat-docent  Dr.  Feuer  gives  a  course  on  senile 
changes  in  the  eye,  and  another  on  the  anomalies  of  refraction 
and  accommodation.  Dr.  Konigstein  gives  a  course  on  the 
minute  anatomy  of  the  eyeball,  and  another  on  the  anomalies 
of  refraction  and  accommodation. 

All  the  courses  on  diseases  of  the  ear  in  Vienna  are  excel- 
lent. Prof.  Politzer  and  Prof.  Gruber  each  hold  a  clinic 
daily  at  the  hospital,  the  former  from  12  to  1  p.m.,  and  the 
latter  from  9  to  10  a.m.  They  both  run  about  half  an  hour 
beyond  their  time.  These  courses  commence  with  systematic 
lectures  on  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  ear,  which  oc- 
cupy nearly  the  whole  of  the  first  week.  Afterward  the 
whole  time  is  occupied  by  the  examination  of  patients,  the 
condition  of  each  ear  being  represented  in  a  drawing,  so  that 
the  student  may  be  sure  to  see  rightly.  Remarks  about  the 
different  diseases  are  made  in  connection  with  the  cases  oc- 
curring in  the  clinic,  although  regular  lectures  about  some 
disease  or  method  of  operation  are  frequently  given.  Every 
day  each  student  has  an  opportunity  to  catheterize  two  or 
three  Eustachian  tubes,  and  he  can  perform  small  operations 
on  the  ear  when  such  cases  present  themselves.  These  two 
courses  are  about  equally  good,  Prof.  Politzer's  being  usually 
the  more  crowded.  Equally  good  with  these  courses  is  one 
given  by  Privat-docent  Urbanschitsch  at  the  polyclinic  in  the 
afternoons.  He  uses  artificial  lmht  instead  of  daylight.  He 
is  the  pleasantest  of  all  the  instructors  in  Vienna.  The  as- 
sistant of  Profs.  Gruber  and  Politzer  gives  an  excellent  course 
on  diseases  of  the  ear,  as  does  also  Privat-docent  Dr.  Bing. 

The  most  popular  course  on  diseases  of  the  throat  in  Vi- 
enna is  the  one  given  by  Prof.  Schrbtter,  which  is  held  daily, 
except  Saturday,  from  10  to  11  a.m.  During  the  first  half 
hour  the  students  examine  cases  with  the  laryngoscope,  aud 
Prof.  Schrotter  goes  from  one  student  to  the  other  to  render 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EPPwOPE.  27 

aid,  and  being  able  to  devote  a  little  less  than  a  minute  to 
each  student.  During  the  last  half  of  the  hour  the  students 
listen  to  a  course  of  lectures,  which  are  almost  entirely  about 
laryngoscopies!  instruments.  If  a  student  takes  the  course 
for  a  second  time  then  it  is  not  necessary  to  attend  these 
lectures,  but  the  student  may  treat  the  patient  during  the  last 
half  of  the  hour  by  blowing  powders  and  rubbing  solutions 
into  the  larynx.  A  great  number  of  patients  attend  this 
clinic,  and  the  onlv  drawback  to  the  course  is  that  a  student 
can  receive  very  little  personal  attention  from  Prof.  Schrotter. 
Prof.  Stork  gives  a  very  good  course  in  laryngoscopy  from  11 
to  12  m.  daily,  except  Saturday.  The  students  examine  the 
cases,  and  after  they  have  had  some  practice  are  allowed  to 
treat  them.  Frequently  Prof.  Stork  devotes  the  last  part  of 
the  hour  to  a  lecture.  The  course  c'iven  by  Prof.  Schlatter's 
assistant,  Dr.  Fischer,  is  very  popular,  for,  besides  seeing 
many  cases  and  having  much  treatment  to  do,  the  students 
receive  more  personal  attention  from  the  instructor,  the  Dum- 
ber of  students  in  the  course  being  limited.  Application 
must  be  made  for  this  course  in  advance.  The  same  remarks 
apply  to  the  course  of  Privat-docent  Ottocar  Chiari,  which  is 
very  good.  Prof.  Schnitzler  gives  a  course  of  two  hours' 
duration  every  morning,  except  Saturday.  During  the  first 
hour  the  students  examine  and  treat  patients,  under  the 
supervision  of  the  assistants,  Prof.  Schnitzler  coming  in  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  hour.  The  last  hour  is  occupied  by  a 
theoretical  lecture  from  Prof.  Schnitzler.  These  are  really 
two  courses  combined,  each  one  costing  ten  guldens,  and 
each  can  be  taken  separately.  The  Americans  who  take  this 
course  generally  take  only  the  first  hour's  work.  The  as- 
sistants of  Prof.  Schnitzler  also  give  good  courses  in  laryngo- 
scopy. 

The  opportunities  for  studying  diseases  of  the  skin  are  very 
fine  in  Vienna.  Prof.  Kaposi  holds  a  clinic  daily  from  8  to 
10  a.m.     He  exhibits  patients  and  lectures  upon  them.     The 


28  A   GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

patients  are  almost  or  quite  nude  and  pass  about  among  the 
students  for  examination.  Once  a  'week  a  visit  is  made 
through  the  wards,  so  that  the  students  may  observe  the 
course  of  the  cases  and  the  effects  of  treatment,  It  is  a  most 
valuable  clinic  and  one  in  which  it  is  important  to  have  a 
seat  in  the  front  row  of  benches,  and  to  obtain  this  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  apply  in  advance.  Equally  valuable  with  Prof. 
Kaposi's  clinic,  and  even  more  interesting,  is  Prof.  Neumann's 
clinic  on  skin  diseases  and  syphilis.  It  is  held  dairy  from  3  to 
4  p.m.,  and  is  conducted  in  the  same  way  as  is  Prof.  Kaposi's, 
Prof.  Neumann  also  gives  a  course  on  the  instrumental  exam- 
ination of  the  genital  organs  on  Saturdays,  from  9  to  10  a.m. 
Prof.  Hebra  gives  a  good  course  on  skin  diseases,  which  is 
conducted  in  the  same  way  as  the  clinics  just  described. 
Sometimes  he  gives  a  course  in  English.  Privat-docent 
Mracek  gives  a  very  good  course  on  syphilis.  Prof.  Zeissl 
lectures  on  syphilis,  but  his  course  is  not  much  attended  by 
Americans.  Prof.  Auspitz,  at  the  polyclinic,  gives  a  good 
course  on  skin  diseases  daily,  from  10  to  11  a.m.  He  also 
gives  a  course  on  the  endoscope.  A  better  course  on  the 
endoscope  is  given  by  Privat-docent  Dr.  Grtinfeld,  who  also 
gives  a  good  course  on  syphilis. 

Courses  on  syphilis  and  venereal  affections  are  also  given 
by  Privat-docents  Dr.  Yajda,  Dr.  Kohn,  and  Dr.  Wertheim  ; 
and  Privat-docent  Dr.  Jarisch  gives  a  course  on  skin  diseases. 

A  very  excellent  course  is  given  by  Privat-docent  Dr.  Uitz- 
mann  on  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs  daily,  except  Satur- 
day, from  11  to  12  m.  He  gives  systematic  lectures  on  dis- 
eases of  the  urinary  organs  and  their  treatment,  and  illustrates 
them  by  many  patients.  He  also  shows  the  method  of 
examination  of  urine,  and  shows  urinary  sediments  under  the 
microscope  every  day.  He  dwells  especially  on  diseases  of 
the  prostate  and  on  spermatorrhoea.  Prof.  Dittel  also  gives 
a  course  on  diseases  of  the  bladder,  prostate,  and  urethra, 
which  is  more  surgical  in  its  nature  than  Prof.  Ultzmann's 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EfEOPE.  29 

course.  A  student  lias  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  autopsy 
of  many  of  Prof.  Dittel's  patients.  Privat-docent  Dr.  Jurie 
also  gives  a  course  on  this  subject. 

Among  the  most  popular  courses  in  Vienna  are  those  in 
anatomy  given  by  Prof.  Langer's  assistants.  These  courses 
are  rarely  advertised.  The  assistants  will  lecture  on  any  part 
of  anatomy  ■which  the  class  desire.  They  dissect  out  the 
part  before  the  class  and  describe  it  in  a  most  thorough  and 
interesting  way.  These  courses  are  very  valuable  and  very 
attractive  to  American  students. 

Privat-docent  Dr.  Chiari  gives  an  excellent  course  on  patho- 
logical anatomy  and  histology.  He  is  a  very  interesting  in- 
structor, and  his  course  is  very  much  liked.  Prof.  Kundrat's 
assistant  also  gives  a  course  on  the  making  of  autopsies,  and 
exhibits  a  great  number  of  remarkable  specimens  in  macro- 
scopic pathological  anatomy.  The  autopsy-room  is  open  for 
students,  and  a  great  number  of  autopsies  is  made  in  it  every 
morning.  Dr.  Weichselbaum  gives  a  good  course  on  patho- 
logical histology  and  on  autopsies. 

Prof.  Exner  gives  an  excellent  course  on  normal  histology. 
He  commences  with  the  simpler  elements  and  passes  on  to 
the  more  complex  tissues.  Students  can  work  several  hours 
daily.  Prof.  Exner  comes  for  an  hour  every  afternoon  and 
examines  and  explains  the  work  which  each  student  has  done. 
The  student  can  work  on  any  histological  subject  he  chooses. 
Prof.  Schenck  also  gives  a  good  course  on  histology  and  the 
use  of  the  microscope,  and  another  course  on  embryology. 

Courses  on  medical  physics  are  given  by  Prof.  Exner  and 
Prof.  Schwanda.  Prof.  Fleischl  gives  an  experimental  course 
on  the  physiology  of  the  nerves  and  muscles.  Prof.  Basch 
gives  an  experimental  course  on  the  circulation,  and.  directs 
students  in  the  study  of  pathological  anatomy.  Privat-do- 
cent Dr.  Obersteiner  gives  a  course  on  the  physiology  and 
pathology  of  the  central  nervous  system,  which  is  really  a 
course  on  the  histology  of  the  nervous  system. 


30  A    GUIDE   TO    AMEBIC  AN 

Prof.  "Winternitz  gives  a  good  course  at  the  polyclinic  from 
11  to  12  m.,  on  hydro-therapeutics  and  diet-cures,  illustrated 
by  patients  and  by  experiments.  Prof.  Seegan  lectures  on 
the  mineral  springs  of  Austria  and  Germany. 

Dr.  Oser  gives  an  interesting  course  on  diseases  of  the 
stomach  on  Saturday  afternoon  and  Sunday  morning.  In  it 
a  student  has  an  opportunity  of  seeing  many  times  the  oper- 
ation of  washing  out  the  stomach  and  of  feeling  many  mov- 
able kidneys. 

Prof.  Nowak  gives  several  different  courses  on  subjects  in 
hygiene,  and  Prof.  Draschke  gives  a  course  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine. 

Besides  its  medical  advantages  Vienna  is  a  delightful  city 
to  live  in,  and  there  are  few  medical  students  who  have  stud- 
ied there  who  do  not  look  back  with  great  pleasure  to  their 
Vienna  life.  The  people  are  kind-hearted,  handsome,  and 
devoted  to  pleasure.  The  city  is  beautiful,  and  the  cafe  life 
very  attractive.  The  opera  is  probaby  the  finest  in  the  world, 
and  in  the  different  gardens  and  restaurants  most  excellent 
music  can  be  heard.  A  student's  day  in  Vienna  is  passed  very 
much  as  follows  : 

7.30.  Breakfast  in  room  of  chocolate  and  rolls. 

8-9.  Course  on  the  endoscope  with  Frof.  Auspitz. 

9-10.  Course  on  the  ear  with  Frof.  Gruber. 

10-11.  Course  on  the  laryngoscope  with  Frof.  Schrotter. 

11-12.  Course  on  the  urinary  organs  with  Dr.  TJltzmann. 

12-1.  Course  on  insanity  with  Frof.  Meynert. 

1-2.  Dinner  at  Restaurant  Riedhof. 

2-3.  Course  on  physical  diagnosis  with  Dr.  Brenner. 

3-4.  Course  on  diseases  of  the  skin  with  Prof.  Neumann. 

4-5.  Course  on  the  ophthalmoscope  with  Dr.  Fuchs. 

5-6.  Chocolate  in  a  cafe. 

6-8.  Course  on  operative  surgery  with  Dr.  Holl. 

8.  Supper  at  Restaurant  Ronacher,  where  there  is  a  military  band. 

Owing  to  the  short  duration  of  the  courses,  the  plan  of  a 
student's  day  in  Vienna  is  constantly  changing. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUKOPE.  31 


PRAGUE. 

Prague  is  visited  by  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  stu- 
dents on  account  of  the  facilities  which  it  offers  for  learning 
obstetrics  at  a  very  slight  expense.  Prague  contains  one  of 
the  finest  lying-in  hospitals  in  the  world,  and  the  handsome 
buildings  are  in  strange  contrast  to  the  curious  mediaeval 
city  in  which  they  are  situated.  In  order  to  study  in  the 
hospital,  it  is  merely  necessary  to  call  on,  or  write  to,  the  di- 
rector of  the  hospital,  and  ask  permission  to  study  there.  On 
seeing  the  director,  the  student  states  in  which  service  he 
would  prefer  to  work,  and  the  director  then  gives  him  a  card 
to  the  assistant  in  that  service,  who  tells  him  how  to  go  to 
work.  The  fee  for  the  semester  is  ten  guldens  ($5),  and  by 
paying  double  the  fee  a  student  can  attend  both  services,  and 
see  all  the  cases  in  the  hospitals.  This  is  of  advantage,  be- 
cause the  methods  in  the  two  services  are  very  different  ; 
thus  Prof.  Streng  delivers  the  woman  on  her  side,  expresses 
the  placenta  by  Crede's  method  immediately  after  delivery,  and 
then  gives  immediately  afterward  a  cold  vaginal  douche  ;  while 
Prof.  Briesky  delivers  the  woman  on  her  back,  does  not  ex- 
press the  placenta,  and  uses  a  hot  vaginal  douche  immedi- 
ately after  delivery.  The  student  sleeps  and  takes  his  break- 
fast in  the  hospital,  taking  his  dinner  and  supper  in  the  town. 
He  can  examine  the  women  as  they  enter  the  hospital.  He 
is  notified  when  labor  commences,  and  again  when  the  mem- 
branes breaks  and  he  can  examine  the  woman  as  frequently 
as  he  wishes  during  labor. 

Both  Prof.  Briesky  and  Prof.  Streng  lecture  on  obstetrics 
and  gynecology.  They  call  on  a  student  to  examine  the  case, 
and  criticise  his  examination.  They  then  allow  a  few  other 
students  to  examine  the  case,  and  afterward  lecture  upon  it. 
As  a  general  rule  the  students  in  the  hospital  are  not  allowed 
to  perform  any  obstetrical  operations.     The  assistants,  how- 


32  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


o 


ever,  give  private  courses,  the  number  of  men  in  the  course 
being  limited  to  four,  each  one  of  whom  pays  twenty-five  gul- 
dens. In  these  courses  the  students  are  taught  on  the  phantom 
how  to  perform  all  the  obstetrical  operations, they  receive  a  little 
instruction  in  the  wards,  and  afterward  have  an  opportunity 
of  applying  forceps,  etc.,  on  women  in  labor.  The  assistants 
will  modify  the  course  to  suit  the  students,  but  at  times  there 
are  so  few  students  in  the  hospital  that  it  is  impossible  to 
find  four  men  who  wish  to  take  the  course.  The  assistants 
in  gynecology  also  give  practical  courses  of  six  weeks'  dura- 
tion an  hour  each  day,  and  costing  twenty-five  guldens. 

At  the  children's  hospital  in  Prague  there  is  an  excellent 
clinic  on  children's  diseases.  Dr.  P.  J.  Pick  gives  a  very  good 
course  on  diseases  of  the  skin.  He  calls  a  student  down  to 
examine  a  case  and  make  the  diagnosis.  If  he  is  wrong,  an- 
other student  is  called  down  in  consultation,  and  the  profes- 
sor lectures  upon  the  case.  Dr.  A.  Pick  gives  a  good  course 
on  insanity.  Dr.  Efiinger  gives  excellent  courses  on  patho- 
logical histology,  and  on  the  pathological  anatomy  of  the  ner- 
vous system. 

The  other  courses  in  Prague  are  not  of  so  much  interest 
to  American  students.  Medical  clinics  are  held  by  Prof.  J. 
Halla,  Prof.  A.  Pribram,  and  Prof.  Th.  Eiselt.  The  last  clinic 
is  in  the  Bohemian  language.  Surgical  clinics  are  held  by 
Prof.  C.  Gussenbauer,  and  Prof.  W.  Weiss,  the  latter  being 
in  the  Bohemian  language.  Prof.  C.  "Weil  gives  a  course  on 
the  surgical  operations  on  the  cadaver  ;  Prof.  Bittershain, 
Prof.  Kaulich,  and  Dr.  Epstein  on  diseases  of  children  ;  Prof. 
Fischel  on  insanity  ;  Prof.  J.  Hasner  on  diseases  of  the  eye  ; 
Prof.  Zaufal  on  diseases  of  the  ear,  nose,  and  pharynx  ;  Prof. 
Chiari  on  pathological  anatomy  ;  Prof.  Serch  on  materia  med- 
ica  and  chemistry  ;  Prof.  C.  H.  Huppert,  medical  chemistry 
and  work  in  the  medical  chemical  laboratory  ;  Prof.  J. 
Maschka,  hygiene  and  medical  jurisprudence  ;  Prof.  E.  Her- 
ring, physiology  and  work  in  the  physiological  laboratory  ; 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  S3 

Prof.  Ph.  Knoll,  general  and  experimental  pathology  ;  Prof. 
C.  Toldt,  anatomy,  topographical  anatomy,  and  embryology  ; 
Prof.  Mayer,  histology  and  use  of  the  microscope  ;  Privat- 
docents  Dr.  Spott  and  Dr.  E.  Kisch,  hydro-therapeutics  and 
gymnastics  ;  Dr.  M.  Smoler,  forensic  insanity  ;  Dr.  J.  Schiitz, 
medical  casuistic  ;  Dr.  Ad.  Ott,  theory  and  practice  ;  Dr.  Th. 
Petrina,  nervous  diseases  and  electro-  therapeutics  ;  Dr.  V. 
Janovsky,  history  of  medicine  and  syphilis  (in  Bohemian)  ; 
Dr.  J.  Soyka,  pathological  anatomy  ;  Dr.  Kahle,  Dr.  Haas, 
and  Dr.  Fischl,  physical  examination  ;  Dr.  R  Ganghofner, 
medical  polyclinic  and  laryngoscopy  ;  Dr.  A.  Schenkl,  oper- 
ations on  the  eye  ;  Dr.  M.  Popper,  hygiene  ;  Dr.  P.  Hof- 
meister,  mineral  poisons ;  Dr.  W.  Biederniann,  physiology  of 
the  secretions  ;  Dr.  Lowit,  urinary  diseases. 
2* 


3i  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 


GERMANY. 

DRESDEN. 

In  Dresden  there  is  no  medical  school,  but  there  is  a  large 
lying-in  hospital  to  which  American  students  often  go  in  or- 
der to  study  obstetrics.  Dr.  AVinckel  has  charge  of  the  hos- 
pital, and  if  a  student  writes  to  him  stating  where  he  has 
graduated  and  what  he  has  done  since  graduation,  he  can 
usually  obtain  the  position  of  "volunteer  doctor,"  of  which 
there  are  always  eight  or  ten  in  the  hospital.  The  usual  term 
of  service  for  a  "  volunteer  doctor  "  is  eight  weeks,  but  a  stu- 
dent can  generally  make  arrangements  to  have  a  longer  term 
of  service  if  he  desires  it.  During  the  first  two  weeks  the 
student  is  in  the  children's  department,  and  has  a  certain 
number  of  new-born  babies  under  his  care.  He  must  daily 
examine  their  eyes,  stools,  etc.,  and  must  keep  a  record  of 
their  condition.  The  student  gets  good  practice  in  German 
in  the  hospital,  because  the  records  must  be  written  in  Ger- 
man. The  records  are  simple,  however,  and  the  necessary 
words  are  soon  learned.  During  the  next  two  weeks  the  stu- 
dent is  in  the  puerperal  department,  and  has  a  number  of 
women  in  the  puerperal  condition  under  his  care,  and  he  must 
keep  an  exact  record  of  the  condition  of  their  lochia,  abdo- 
men, etc.  At  the  end  of  a  month  he  can  enter  the  lyin<?-in 
wards,  and  can  observe  the  women  in  labor.  After  he  has 
been  in  the  hospital  six  weeks  he  is  allowed  to  perform  mi- 
nor operations,  such  as  forceps,  etc.  In  the  eight  weeks  of 
service  a  student  generally  gets  two  such  operations  to  per- 
form.    The  students  in  the  hospital  can  witness  the  opera- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  35 

tions  of  Dr.  "Winckel,  who  does  usually  one  laparotomy  and 
two  or  three  smaller  operations  every  week.  The  students 
have  frequent  meetings.  At  these  meetings  a  student  reads 
a  paper  on  some  work  that  he  has  been  doing,  and  then  fol- 
lows a  discussion  in  which  Dr.  Winckel  takes  a  prominent 
part. 

After  a  student  has  been  in  the  hospital  a  long  time  he  may 
enter  the  gynecological  clinic,  which  is  very  good. 


BERLIN. 

There  is  much  rivalry  between  Berlin  and  Vienna,  and  Ber- 
lin claims  to  be  a  centre  of  more  exact  scientific  work  than  its 
rival,  but  there  will  probably  have  to  be  an  entire  change  in 
the  method  of  instruction  in  Berlin  before  it  will  become  verv 
attractive  to  the  foreign  medical  student.  Gynecology  and 
nervous  diseases  are  the  two  branches  which  at  present  at- 
tract students  to  Berlin  rather  than  to  Vienna.  In  Berlin  it 
is  more  usual  for  a  student  to  take  room  and  board  (pension) 
in  the  same  house  than  in  Vienna.  The  cost  of  living  in  the 
best  pensions  varies  from  120  to  200  marks  ($30  to  $50)  per 
month.  These  pensions  are,  however,  at  some  distance  from 
the  hospital,  and  the  time  of  meals  does  not  always  allow 
the  student  to  work  as  he  would  like  in  the  hospital ;  so 
that  the  majority  of  students  prefer  to  rent  a  room  and  take 
merely  their  breakfast  in  it,  and  get  their  dinner  and  supper 
at  a  restaurant.  The  common  Berlin  restaurants  are  not  so 
good  as  those  in  Vienna,  but  they  are  cheaper.  As  in  Vienna, 
the  houses  with  rooms  to  rent  have  notices  pasted  on  them, 
and  the  janitor  at  the  university  has  a  list  of  many  rooms  for 
rent,  and  many  notices  of  rooms  to  rent  are  pasted  up  on  the 
blackboards  at  the  university  entrance.  As  most  of  the  work 
is  done  in  the  Charite  the  best  streets  in  which  to  get  rooms 
are,  Luisen  Strasse,  Philipp  Strasse,  Schumann  and  Albrechts 


36  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Strasse,  and  the  neighboring  streets.  Good  rooms  cost  from 
20  to  40  marks  ($5  to  $10)  per  month.  The  advertisements 
of  the  different  courses  will  be  found  pasted  up  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  university  building.  A  catalogue  of  the  uni- 
versity can  be  obtained  at  any  bookstore.  At  Peyser's  book- 
store, 103  Friedrich  Strasse,  a  discount  of  twenty  per  cent,  is 
given  to  medical  students,  and  books  will  be  sent  by  post  to 
America  at  the  same  discount. 

Just  previous  to  the  winter  semester,  which  commences 
nominally  October  15th,  really  November  1st,  there  is  a  so- 
called  "  vacation  "  course  (Ferien-Curs),  which  consists  of  a 
number  of  short  courses  for  the  instruction  of  doctors,  and 
which  is  arranged  somewhat  as  the  short  courses  in  Vienna 
are.  The  advertisement  of  this  course  (which  appears  about 
the  middle  of  July)  announces  that  it  will  commence  on  Sep- 
tember 20th,  and  last  six  weeks.  The  prospectus  reads  well 
on  paper,  but  one  must  be  prepared  for  a  little  disappoint- 
ment. None  of  the  courses  commence  on  the  day  announced, 
and  many  of  them  do  not  commence  till  nearly,  or  quite  the 
first  of  October,  and  a  number  of  the  men,  especially  the  pro- 
fessors, do  not  hold  the  courses  which  they  are  advertised  to 
hold.  Many  of  the  courses  which  are  really  held,  are  very 
good,  but  almost  all  of  them  differ  from  those  in  Vienna  in 
being  more  theoretical  and  less  practical,  in  consisting  more 
of  lecture  than  of  demonstration  and  practice. 

Dr.  Martin  gives  a  course  in  gynecolog}f.  If  there  are 
more  than  ten  or  twelve  men  he  divides  them  into  two  di- 
visions ;  each  division  comes  three  times  a  week  to  his  diag- 
nostic exercises,  while  all  the  men  come  to  his  daily  lectures 
and  operations  (except  that  any  men  who  take  a  course  in 
surgery  or  pathological  anatomy  are  not  allowed  to  witness 
his  laparotomies).  His  course  consists  in  gynecological  oper- 
ations, from  11  to  12  a.m.,  and  a  course  of  excellent  s}'stematic 
lectures,  from  12  to  1  p.m.,  and,  finally,  a  course  in  practical 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE  37 

gynecological  diagnosis,  from  1  to  3  p.m.  For  further  par- 
ticulars about  the  diagnostic  and  operative  part  of  the  course, 
see  later  under  the  description  of  his  course  during  the 
semester. 

Dr.  Landau  gives  a  course  on  gynecology,  from  3  to  5  p.m., 
on  three  afternoons  of  the  week.  The  students  examine  a 
case,  and  then  Dr.  Landau  gives  the  diagnosis  and  discusses 
the  case  in  an  exceedingly  interesting  way.  His  views  are 
in  many  respects  very"  different  from  those  of  Dr.  Martin.  He 
does  not  operate  as  much  as  the  latter,  and  his  methods  of 
treatment  are  much  more  in  accordance  with  American  views. 
He  explains  his  ideas  very  clearly  and  well.     Dr.  Lr.hlein  also 

X  i/  mi 

gives  a  course  on  gynecology,  and  Dr.  Eunge  gives  a  course 
on  obstetrical  operations. 

Dr.  Kiister,  in  the  Augusta  Hospital,  which  is  about  ten  min- 
utes' walk  distant  from  the  Charite,  gives  an  excellent  course  on 
the  recent  advances  in  surgery.  He  discusses  those  depart- 
ments of  surgery  in  which  new  things  have  come  up,  and  his 
lectures  are  very  interesting  and  instructive.  After  the  lec- 
ture he  takes  the  students  through  the  wards  to  show  them 
how  cases  recently  operated  upon  are  getting  on,  and  he  then 
performs  a  number  of  operations  before  the  class.  Dr.  Kiister 
also  gives  an  operative  course,  in  which  he  tells  the  students 
how  to  do  the  operations,  and  he  corrects  them  as  they  per- 
form it  on  the  cadaver,  but  he  does  not  perform  the  operation 
himself.  He  dwells  more  on  the  surgical  than  on  the  ana- 
tomical parts  of  an  operation.  Courses,  quite  similar  to  those 
of  Dr.  Kiister,  are  given  by  Dr.  Halm. 

Dr.  Bernhardt  gives  a  very  good  course  on  electro-thera- 
peutics and  electro- diagnosis.  He  discusses  the  different 
batteries,  and  the  different  kinds  of  electricity  and  their  uses 
in  diagnosis  and  treatment.  He  illustrates  his  lectures  by 
patients.  Dr.  Eemak  gives  a  very  similar  course  in  which  he 
devotes  a  little  more  time  to  reading  systematic  lectures.  Dr. 
Wernicke  gives  a  course  in  nervous  diseases,  which  consists 


3S  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

of  very  good,  but  rather  abstruse  lectures  on  the  general 
principles  of  nervous  diseases,  without  much  regard  to  any 
special  diseases.  He  does  not  show  many  patients.  Dr. 
"Wernicke  also  gives  a  course  on  the  anatomy  of  the  brain 
and  spinal  cord,  a  department  in  which  he  has  done  much 
original  work.  Dr.  Gnauck  gives  a  course  on  nervous  dis- 
eases and  their  relation  to  the  psychoses.  Dr.  Saunders  and 
Dr.  Moeli  each  give  courses  on  insanity,  illustrated  by  pa- 
tients. 

Prof.  Hartmann  gives  a  course  on  human  anatomy  twice  a 
week.  Dr.  Gravitz  gives  a  good  course  on  pathological  his- 
tology in  which  the  material,  for  the  most  part  fresh,  is  given 
to  the  students,  who  prepare  their  own  specimens  in  the  fresh 
condition.  Dr.  Gravitz  explains  the  specimens  very  clearly. 
Dr.  Friedlander  gives  a  very  similar  course  in  normal  histol- 
ogy. Dr.  Jurgens  gives  a  course  on  pathological  anatomy 
and  on  the  making  of  autopsies,  another  course  on  normal 
histology,  and  another  on'  the  normal  and  pathological  an- 
atomy of  the  nervous  system. 

Dr.  Guttmann  holds  a  course  on  clinical  medicine  at  the 
"Barackenlazareth,"  which  is  half  an  hour's  walk  from  the 
Charite  (horse-cars  run  by  the  hospital).  The  course  is  held 
four  times  a  week,  from  9.30  to  11.30  a.m.  Before  the  doctor 
comes  cases  are  furnished  for  diagnosis  (if  the  students  de- 
sire this  sort  of  exercise),  and  the  doctor  criticises  the  diag- 
nosis when  he  arrives.  The  students  then  accompany  him  on 
his  visit  through  the  hospital,  and  he  shows  them  the  most 
interesting  cases  and  gives  them  an  opportunity  to  examine 
them.  When  a  case  dies,  the  students  can  witness  the  autopsy 
at  12  m.  Dr.  Guttmann  will  modify  his  course  to  suit  the 
students.  Dr.  Guttmann  also  gives  a  course  on  the  patho- 
logical anatomy  of  the  abdominal  and  thoracic  viscera  three 
times  a  week,  from  12  to  1.30  p.m.  Dr.  A.  Frankel  and  Dr. 
Litten  each  give  very  good  courses  on  physical  diagnosis  and 
on  clinical  medicine.     Dr.  Riess  gives  a  course  on  physical 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  39 

diagnosis,  Dr.  Lazarus  one  on  pneumatic  therapeutics,  and 
Dr.  Zuelzer  one  on  the  clinical  examination  of  urine. 

Dr.  B.  Frankel  gives  a  course  in  laryngoscopy  three  times 
a  week.  The  students  can  examine  and  treat  the  patients. 
The  room  is  small.  The  course  is  limited  to  eight  students, 
and  only  four  of  them  can  examine  at  any  one  time.  Dr. 
Tobokl  also  gives  a  course  on  laryngoscopy  twice  a  week. 
These  courses  do  not  compare  very  favorably  with  those  in 
Vienna. 

Prof.  Hirschberg  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  eye 
(frequently  this  course  is  not  given).  Dr.  Horstman  gives  a 
course,  three  times  a  week,  on  the  examination  of  the  eye. 

Dr.  Trautman  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  ear. 

Prof.  Lewin  gives  a  course  on  syphilis  and  diseases  of  the 
skin  (frequently  this  course  is  not  given).  Dr.  Lassar  gives 
a  good  course  on  skin  diseases.  Dr.  Zuelzer  and  Dr.  Hey- 
man  each  give  courses  on  syphilis  and  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Prof.  Liman  gives  a  course  on  the  method  of  making 
medico-legal  autopsies.  Dr.  Falk  and  Dr.  Herter  each  give 
a  course  on  public  hygiene.  Dr.  Lewin  gives  a  course  on 
poisons,  and  Dr.  Steinauer  one  on  materia  medica  and  toxi- 
cology. Prof.  Christiani  gives  a  course  on  the  physiology  of 
the  higher  organs  of  sense,  and  another  on  the  undulatory 
theory  in  its  relation  to  acoustics  and  optics. 

Information  about  the  vacation  courses  may  be  obtained 
on  application  to  Herr  Anders,  20  Mohren  Strasse,  Berlin. 

MATRICULATION. 

In  order  to  study  in  Berlin  during  the  regular  semester  it 
is  necessary  to  matriculate,  otherwise  it  is  impossible  to  pay 
for  the  instruction  which  is  received.  The  process  of  matric- 
ulation is  the  same  in  all  German  universities,  and  is  a  some- 
what complicated  process.  The  student  first  has  to  go  to  the 
"  Registrator  "  in  Berlin,  or  to  the  "  Dean  "  in  other  places, 
and  give  up  his  passport,  or  medical  diploma,  or  both.    Then 


43  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

a  clay  is  appointed  for  the  matriculation.  At  the  appointed 
time  the  student  presents  himself  in  the  "  senate  chamber  " 
of  the  university  where  he  meets  the  rector  and  various  other 
officials,  and  has  to  sign  a  number  of  papers  and  answer  nu- 
merous questions  about  himself  and  his  father.  The  rector 
then  makes  a  little  speech.  A  number  of  papers  are  given  to 
the  student,  but  his  own  diploma  and  passport  are  kept  until 
he  ex-matriculates.  He  is  also  given  his  university  card, 
which  prevents  his  being  locked  up  by  the  police  in  case  he 
gets  into  any  trouble  ;  the  university  having  a  prison  of  its 
own,  and  punishing  its  students.  After  the  first  three  or 
four  weeks  of  the  semester  have  passed,  if  the  student  wishes 
to  matriculate,  he  must  make  a  written  application  to  the 
faculty  for  permission  to  do  so. 

At  the  end  of  the  semester  the  student  must  ex-matriculate, 
and  he  then  receives  back  his  diploma  and  passport.  Usually 
it  is  not  necessary  for  American  students  to  go  through 
the  process  of  ex-matriculation.  The  fee  for  matriculation 
is  four  or  five  dollars,  and  that  for  ex-matriculation  about  half 
as  much. 

Prof.  Leyden  conducts  an  exercise  in  clinical  medicine  in 
the  hospital  wards  daily,  from  8  to  9.30  a.m.  The  intention 
of  this  course  is  to  train  students  in  the  correct  manner  of 
examining  patients.  A  student  examines  a  case,  and  is  mi- 
nutely criticised  during  the  examination  by  Prof.  Leyden,  who 
then  makes  a  few  remarks  about  the  case.  The  student  is 
afterward  expected  to  follow  the  course  of  the  case  from  day 
to  day.  There  are  so  many  students  present  at  this  exercise 
that  it  is  difficult  to  get  near  the  bed.  Prof.  Frerichs,  daily, 
except  Saturday,  from  11  to  12  m.,  holds  a  medical  clinic,  in 
which  a  case  is  brought  into  the  amphitheatre  from  the  wards. 
He  calls  a  student  down  to  examine  the  case,  but  this  i3 
scarcely  more  than  a  matter  of  form,  as  he  pays  little  atten- 
tion to  the  student.  The  professor  sums  up  the  history  and 
physical  signs,  and  arrives  at  a  diagnosis  quickly.     He  then 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  41 

makes  a  few  remarks  about  the  most  interesting  points  of 
the  case,  or  about  the  latest  investigations  in  regard  to  the 
disease.  He  exhibits  two,  three,  and  even  four  such  cases  in 
the  course  of  the  hour.  His  remarks  about  the  cases  are  very 
interesting  and  suggestive.  He  speaks  in  such  a  low  voice 
that  it  is  difficult  to  understand  him.  He  often  invites  for- 
eign doctors  to  occupy  seats  inside  of  the  railing  close  to  the 
bed  of  the  patient. 

Prof.  Fraenzel  gives  a  course  on  auscultation  and  percus- 
sion daily,  from  12  to  1  p.m.  This  course  is  very  thorough. 
The  whole  drill  is  on  the  recognition  of  the  sounds  heard  on 
ausculting  and  percussing,  and  on  the  interpretation  of  these 
sounds.  Little  or  no  attention  is  paid  to  making  a  diagnosis. 
An  excellent  course  on  physical  examination  and  diagnosis  is 
given  by  Prof.  Senator.  Good  practical  courses  on  the  ex- 
amination of  patients  are  given  by  Dr.  Litten,  Dr.  A.  Frankel, 
and  Dr.  Guttmann,  which  have  been  described  among  the 
vacation  courses.  Similar  courses  are  given  by  Dr.  Lewinski, 
Dr.  Biess,  Dr.  Brieger,  and  Dr.  Perl.  Dr.  Litten  also  gives 
a  course  on  the  microscopic  diagnosis  of  sputum,  blood, 
urine,  and  vomitus.  Dr.  Riess,  Dr.  Brieger,  Dr.  Wolff,  Dr. 
Guttmann,  and  Dr.  A.  Frankel  lecture  once  or  twice  a  week 
on  selected  subjects  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 
Dr.  Perl  gives  a  course  on  hydro-therapeutics.  Prof.  Jacob- 
son  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  heart  and  lungs  twice  a 
week.  Prof.  Ewald  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  digestive 
organs  twice  a  week.  Dr.  Wolff  and  Dr.  Litten  each  give 
courses  on  diseases  of  the  kidney,  and  practical  exercises  in 
the  examination  of  urine. 

Prof.  Frantzel  gives  a  good  course  on  the  laryngoscope,  and 
another  on  diseases  of  the  lungs.  Dr.  Tobold  lectures  once 
a  week  on  diseases  of  the  larynx,  and  Dr.  B.  Frankel  twice  a 
week  on  the  same  subject.  Both  Dr.  Frankel  and  Dr.  Tobold 
give  a  practical  course  on  laryngoscopy,  which  is  described 
among  the  vacation  courses. 


42  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Prof.  Bardeleben  holds  a  surgical  clinic  in  the  Charite  daily, 
at  11  /cm.  A  student  first  examines  the  case.  Prof.  Bardele- 
ben then  discusses  it  fully  and  finally  operates  on  it.  He 
also  gives  during  the  summer  semester  a  short  operative 
course  on  the  cadaver,  in  which  the  students  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  performing  all  the  important  operations.  Prof. 
Langenbeck  used  to  give  similar  courses  to  those  of  Prof. 
Bardeleben,  but  the  vacancy  caused  by  his  resignation  has 
only  been  recently  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Prof.  Berg- 
mann.  Prof.  Kiister  gives  an  excellent  course  on  surgical  di- 
agnosis at  the  Augusta  Hospital.  A  student  examines  a  case, 
and  his  examination,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  is  criticised  by 
Prof.  Kiister,  who  talks  in  a  very  clear,  instructive  way  about 
the  case.  He  operates  before  the  class.  Prof.  Kiister  also 
gives  a  course  on  luxations  and  fractures.  Dr.  Sonnenburg 
gives  a  course  in  diagnosis  similar  to  that  of  Prof.  Kiister, 
and  also  a  course  on  the  surgery  of  the  lower  extremities. 
Prof.  Rose,  Prof.  Busch,  Prof.  Gurlt,  Dr.  Mitseherlieh,  Dr. 
Guterbock,  and  Dr.  Wolff  all  give  courses  on  special  depart- 
ments in  surgery.  Several  of  these  courses  are  on  the  surgery 
of  the  urinary  and  genital  organs,  and  others  are  on  bandaging. 

Prof.  Gusserow  holds  an  obstetrical  clinic  on  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  from  8.30  to  10  a.m.  He  gives 
systematic  lectures  on  obstetrics,  and  the  students  are  also 
given  practical  instruction  in  this  department.  The  students 
first  attend  cases  of  labor  in  the  hospital,  and  afterward  are 
sent  to  cases  of  labor  in  the  city.  Students  leave  their  ad- 
dress  with  the  servant  in  the  hospital,  and  are  sent  for  when- 
ever a  case  presents  itself.  By  living  near  the  hospital,  and 
by  making  a  friend  of  the  servant,  a  student  can  get  several 
cases  of  labor  in  the  city  every  week.  Most  of  these  cases 
are  more  or  less  abnormal,  for  the  midwives  only  send  in  cases 
which  present  some  difficulty.  The  student  is  not  allowed 
to  perform  operations,  but  if  the  case  requires  an  operation  he 
must  send  for  the  assistant  in  the  hospital.     A  record  of  each 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   ECKOPE.  43 

case  must  be  kept  on  blanks  furnished  by  the  hospital,  and 
cases  of  special  interest  are  discussed  in  the  clinic.  This 
course  is  a  very  valuable  one,  especially  for  a  young  student, 
but  it  consumes  a  great  deal  of  time.  The  courses  which  are 
of  most  interest  to  foreign  doctors  are  those  of  Prof.  Schro- 
der and  Dr.  Martin.  Prof.  Schroder  holds  a  clinic  in  g-vne- 
cology  and  obstetrics  daily,  from  10  to  11  a.m.  On  Mondays, 
Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  gyn ecological  cases  are  exhibited, 
on  the  other  days,  obstetrical.  The  gynecological  part  of  the 
course  is  the  most  valuable  for  foreign  doctors.  In  the  clinic 
a  student  is  called  on  to  examine  a  case.  Prof.  Schroder 
criticises  the  examination  and  discusses  the  case.  His  re- 
marks are  very  interesting  and  valuable.  Dr.  Martin  eives 
two  courses  in  gynecology — a  student's  course  and  a  doctor's 
course.  It  is  better  to  take  both  courses.  The  student's 
course  is  held  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  during  the  whole 
semester,  from  1  to  3  p.m.  The  number  of  men  in  this  course 
is  unlimited,  the  usual  number  being  eight  or  ten.  Each 
student  examines  a  case  and  determines  on  the  diagnosis 
and  treatment.  Dr.  Martin  then  examines  and  criticises  the 
diagnosis  and  treatment  proposed.  The  other  students  then 
examine  the  case.  The  men  in  this  course  do  not  see  any 
gynecological  operations.  The  course  for  doctors  is  held  on 
Monday,  AVednesdav,  Thursdav,  and  Saturdav,  from  1  to  3 
p.m.  Each  course  lasts  a  month,  and  is  conducted  in  the 
same  way  that  the  course  for  students  is.  The  number  of 
doctors  in  the  course  is  limited  to  five.  Members  of  this 
course  witness  the  operations  in  Dr.  Martin's  hospital,  which 
are  performed  every  day  from  12  to  1  p.m.,  and  sometimes 
are  so  numerous  that  they  occupy  the  time  from  11  to  1  p.m. 
The  operations  consist  for  the  most  part  of  sewing  up  lacera- 
tions of  the  cervix,  and  scraping  out  the  uterine  mucous 
membrane,  and  an  occasional  colporrhaphy,  etc.  Dr.  Martin 
usually  performs  a  lajmrotoniy  once  or  twice  a  week.  In  such 
cases  he  operates  early  in  the  morning,  and  the  members  of 


44  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAS 

the  class  are  invited  to  attend  on  condition  of  an  entire  change 
of  clothes  and  a  disinfectant  bath.  The  only  objection  to 
this  excellent  course  is  that  Dr.  Martin  does  not  discuss  the 
cases  as  much  as  most  Americans  would  like,  and  if  a  man 
makes  a  mistake  in  diagnosis  he  rarely  has  an  opportunity  of 
re-examining  and  of  learning  how  he  came  to  fall  into  error. 
Dr.  Martin  also  gives  a  practical  course  in  operative  obstet- 
rics on  the  phantom,  and  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  diseases 
of  the  puerperal  state.  Dr.  Landau  gives  an  excellent  course 
in  gynecology  if  a  sufficient  number  of  students  apply  for  it. 
For  a  description  of  this  course  see  among  the  vacation 
courses.  Prof.  Fasbender  gives  a  theoretical  course  on  ob- 
stetrics and  diseases  of  the  uterus,  and  also  a  practical  opera- 
tive course  on  the  phantom.  Dr.  Lohlein  gives  courses  on 
gynecology,  obstetrics,  and  operative  obstetrics.  Dr.  Mayer 
and  Dr.  Kristeller  give  courses  on  gynecology.  Dr.  Eunge 
and  Dr.  Yeit  give  courses  on  operative  obstetrics  on  the 
phantom. 

Prof.  Henoch  gives  a  very  good  course  on  diseases  of 
children  every  week  day,  excejDt  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
He  gives  systematic  lectures,  and  illustrates  them  by  cases 
from  his  very  large  clinic.  Prof.  Senator  also  gives  an  ex- 
cellent course  on  children's  diseases. 

Prof.  Westphal  holds  an  excellent  clinic  on  nervous  diseases 
in  the  winter  semester  on  Mondays,  Thursdays,  and  Fridays, 
from  5  to  7.30  p.m.,  and  in  the  summer  semester  on  Mondays, 
"Wednesdays,  and  Saturdays,  from  8  to  9.30  a.m.  On  the  first 
two  days  he  shows  insane  patients,  and  on  the  last  day  he 
shows  patients  with  nervous  disease.  He  devotes  the  first 
part  of  each  exercise  to  a  systematic  lecture,  and  in  the  last 
pari;  he  exhibits  two  or  three  patients.  Prof.  Westphal  de- 
votes himself  rather  to  showing  the  disease  in  its  clinical 
aspect  than  to  discussing  the  nature  of  the  process  taking 
place  in  the  brain,  and  in  this  respect  the  course  is  in  decided 
contrast  to  that  of  Prof.  Meynert,  in  Vienna.     Clinically  con- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  45 

sidered  the  course  could  hardly  be  improved.  On  most  of 
the  Sundays  during  the  semester,  a  visit  is  made  through  the 
insane  wards,  from  10  to  11.30  a.m.  Prof.  "Westphal  also  lec- 
tures once  a  week,  on  diseases  of  the  spinal  cord.  Prof. 
Bernhardt  and  Dr.  Eemak  give  courses  in  electro-diagnosis 
and  therapeutics.  For  a  description  of  these  courses  see 
among  the  vacation  courses.  Privat-docent  Dr.  E.  Mendel 
gives  a  good  course  on  insanity  at  the  university  building 
three  times  a  week  from  6  to  7  p.m.  A  student  examines  a 
case,  and  Dr.  Mendel  discusses  it  with  him.  During  the  last 
part  of  each  hour  Dr.  Mendel  gives  a  systematic  lecture.  He 
occasionally  takes  the  class  to  the  asylums  at  Pankow  and 
Dalldorf.  Dr.  Mendel  also  gives  a  course  on  the  anatomy  of 
the  brain.  He  has  a  great  many  beautiful  sections  through 
the  brain,  and  offers  every  facility  to  any  student  who  wishes 
to  work  at  making  such  specimens.  He  also  gives  a  course 
on  the  responsibility  of  the  insane.  Dr.  W.  Sanders  gives 
courses  similar  to  those  of  Dr.  Mendel,  illustrated  by  ma- 
terial from  the  asylum  at  Dalldorf.  Dr.  "Wernicke  gives  a 
course  on  nervous  diseases  three  times  a  week,  and  a  course 
on  the  anatomy  of  the  brain  once  a  week.  For  a  description 
of  these  courses  see  among  the  vacation  courses.  Dr.  Bins- 
wanger  lectures,  twice  a  week,  on  the  anatomy  and  physiology 
of  the  central  nervous  svstem.  He  also  lectures  on  the  ele- 
mentary  disturbances  of  the  psychical  activity.  Dr.  Steinauer 
gives  experimental  lectures  once  a  week  on  convulsions. 

Prof.  Liman  gives  several  courses  on  medical  jurisprudence, 
and  on  the  method  of  making  autopsies  in  medico-legal  au- 
topsies. 

Prof.  Skrzeczka,  Dr.  Falk,  Dr.  Guttstadt,  Dr.  Zuelzer,  and 
Dr.  AVolffhiigel  give  courses  on  hygiene. 

Prof.  Liebreich,  Prof.  Salkowski,  Dr.  Lewin,  and  Dr.  Stein- 
auer each  give  courses,  both  theoretical  and  practical,  on 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics. 

Prof.  Hirschberg  gives  a  demonstrative  course  on  diseases 


46  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

of  the  eye,  three  times  a  week,  and  a  course  on  the  oj:>hthal- 
moscope  once  a  week.  Prof.  Scholer  gives  a  demonstrative 
course  on  external  diseases  of  the  eye,  another  on  operations 
on  the  eye,  and  another  on  the  ophthalmoscope,  each  twice  a 
week.  Dr.  Horstmann  gives  courses  similar  to  those  of  Prof. 
Scholer.  Prof.  Schweigger  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the 
eye  five  times  a  week,  from  12  to  1  p.m.,  and  gives  a  course 
on  the  ophthalmoscope  once  a  week.  Dr.  Burchardt  gives  a 
practical  course  on  the  ophthalmoscope  twice  a  week.  Dr. 
Schelske  lectures  twice  a  week  on  diseases  of  the  eve. 

Prof.  Lucae  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  ear  four  times 
a  week,  from  10  to  11  a.m.  Dr.  Weber-Liel  and  Dr.  Traut- 
man  each  give  theoretical  and  practical  courses  on  diseases 
of  the  ear. 

Prof.  Lewin  holds  daily  a  large  clinic  on  syphilis  and  dis- 
eases of  the  skin,  from  12  to  1  p.m.  Dr.  Lassar  gives  twice  a 
week  a  good  private  course  on  syphilitic  and  cutaneous  dis- 
eases. Dr.  Lewinski,  Dr.  Dehrend,  and  Dr.  Zuelzer  each 
give  similar  courses,  but  there  are  not  many  cases  and  not  a 
great  variety  of  disease  shown  in  these  courses. 

Prof.  Virchow  gives  systematic  lectures  on  pathological  an- 
atomy, illustrated  by  specimens,  daily  in  the  winter  semester, 
from  1  to  2  p.m.,  and  in  the  summer  semester  from  11  to 
12  m.  In  the  first  part  of  the  hour  he  exhibits  any  inter- 
esting pathological  specimens  which  he  may  have,  whether 
they  are  connected  or  not  with  the  subject  of  his  lecture  ; 
and  then,  while  these  specimens  are  passing  about  from  stu- 
dent to  student,  he  proceeds  with  his  regular  lecture.  On 
Mondays,  from  8  to  10  a.m.  in  the  winter  semester,  and  from 
7.30  to  9  a.m.  in  the  summer  semester,  autopsies  are  made 
before  the  class  by  Prof.  Virchow  in  the  first  part  of  the  sem- 
ester, and  by  the  students  under  his  criticism  during  the  last 
part  of  the  semester.  The  examination  of  the  body  and  vis- 
cera is  very  minute  and  accurate.  On  Wednesdays  and  Fri- 
days,  at  the  same  hour,  Prof.  Virchow  exhibits  macroscopic 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    ECIiOPE.  47 

pathological  specimens  and  lectures  upon  them,  and  passes 
microscopic  sections  of  them  about  among  the  students. 
These  exercises,  and  the  autopsy  exercise,  are  exceedingly 
valuable.  On  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and -Saturdays,  at  the 
same  hour,  the  assistant  gives  a  course  in  which  the  students 
cut  and  examine  under  the  microscope  fresh  pathological 
specimens.  Students  can  work  in  the  laboratory  all  day  at 
microscopical  work,  but  they  do  not  receive  as  much  attention 
and  instruction  as  is  desirable.  Prof.  Yirchow  has  so  many 
other  duties,  that,  unfortunately,  he  is  somewhat  irregular  in 
his  attendance.  "When  he  is  absent  his  assistant,  a  very  able 
man,  supplies  his  place  in  the  practical  courses,  but  he  does 
not  lecture.  Prof.  Yirchow  is  usually  in  the  pathological 
building  all  the  morning,  from  7.30  a.m.  to  12  at.3  but  the 
students  see  him  only  at  the  hours  above  mentioned.  Privat- 
docent  Dr.  Friedlander  gives  a  good  course  on  pathological 
histology.  Prof.  Jacobson  gives  a  course  on  experimental 
pathological  investigations.  Dr.  Schiffer  gives  a  course  on 
experimental  pathology  and  therapeutics. 

Prof.  Keichert  lectures  during  the  winter  semester  on  his- 
tology and  anatomy,  and  during  the  summer  semester  on 
embryology  and  histology.  A  student  can  work  in  the  dis- 
secting-room  during  the  whole  day,  and  can  obtain  plenty  of 
material  and  aid. 

Prof.  Hartmann  gives  several  courses  of  lectures  on  special 
and  topographical  anatomy.  Prof.  Fritsch  and  Dr.  Rabl- 
Tiuckhardt  each  gives  courses  on  normal  histology. 

Prof.  Du  Bois-Reymond  gives  experimental  lectures  on 
physiology,  and  he  allows  students  to  work  in  his  physio- 
logical laboratory.  He  has  a  very  handsome  and  well-arranged 
lecture-room  and  laboratory.  Prof.  H.  Munk  gives  a  course 
of  lectures  on  experimental  physiology.  Prof.  H.  Kronecker 
gives  a  course  of  lectures  on  experimental  physiology,  and  he 
also  instructs  students  in  the  methods  of  performing  physio- 
logical experiments.     Prof.  Kronecker  also  gives  a  course  of 


48  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

lectures  6n  the  physiology  of  the  heart,  and  on  the  theory  of 
respiration.  Prof.  Ewald  gives  a  course  of  experimental  lec- 
tures on  the  physiology  and  pathology  of  digestion. 

Prof.  Christiani  gives  a  course  on  medical  physics. 

Prof.  Liebreich,  Prof.  Salkowski,  Prof.  Bauman,  and  Dr. 
Herter,  each  give  practical  and  theoretical  courses  on  medical 
chemistry. 


LEIPZIG. 

The  University  of  Leipzig  is  very  popular  with  German  stu- 
dents and  the  courses  are  very  crowded.  It  will  be,  there- 
fore, necessarv  to  write  on  in  advance  for  seats  if  a  student 
wishes  to  attend  the  lectures  of  Profs.  Ludwig,  Cohnheim, 
Wagner,  His,  etc.  Leipzig  is  a  tolerably  cheap  place  to  live 
in,  but  it  is  a  very  dirty  city,  on  account  of  a  rain  of  soot 
which  is  constantlv  falling  through  the  air.  Pension  can  be 
obtained  at  from  $20  to  $30  per  month.  A  room  costs  $4  to 
$8  per  month.  Students  usually  take  rooms  in  Nurnberger 
or  Turner  Strasse,  or  the  adjoining  streets.  The  university 
building  is  situated  on  Augustus  Platz,  and  at  the  Quaestor's 
office  any  information  regarding  the  university,  can  be  ob- 
tained. The  laboratories,  etc.,  belonging  to  the  university 
are  handsome  new  buildings,  and  are  situated  for  the  most 
part  on  \Yeisenhaus  Strasse. 

In  midwifery  and  gynecology,  Prof.  Crede  holds  a  clinic 
daily,  from  8  to  9  a.m.,  and  on  Monday,  from  3  to  4  p.m.,  in 
which  he  lectures  on  the  cases,  and  in  which  the  students  are 
given  opportunities  for  practical  work.  He  also  gives  a  prac- 
tical operative  course  ;  the  students  performing  the  opera- 
tions on  the  phantom.  Prof.  Hennig  gives  a  course  on  mid- 
wifery. Dr.  Meissner  gives  a  combined  theoretical  and  prac- 
tical course  on  midwifery.  Dr.  Haake  gives  an  operative 
course  on  the  phantom,  and  also  a  course  on  diseases  of  the 
uterus.     Dr.  Fiirst  gives  similar  courses,  and  also  a  course  on 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  49 

diseases  of  children,  and  on  vaccination.  Dr.  Leopold  gives 
a  theoretical  course  on  midwifery,  and  also  one  on  operations 
on  the  phantom.  Dr.  Sanger  gives  similar  courses,  and  also 
a  course  on  diseases  of  women. 

Prof.  E.  L.  Wagner  holds  a  clinic  in  the  amphitheatre  of  the 
hospital  every  morning,  from  10.30  to  12.  A  case  is  brought 
into  the  amphitheatre  and  a  student,  who  has  previously 
had  an  opportunity  to  examine  the  case  thoroughly,  is  called 
down,  and  his  examination,  diagnosis,  prognosis,  and  treatment 
is  criticised.  Then  the  Professor  adds  any  remarks  which  he 
wishes  to  make  about  the  case.  The  student  is  then  expected 
to  follow  the  course  of  the  case  in  the  wards.  In  Prof.  Wag- 
ner's clinic  more  attention  is  paid  to  the  examining  student 
than  is  the  custom  in  the  corresponding  clinics  in  Berlin  and 
Vienna,  Usually  every  day  two  cases  are  examined  and  dis- 
cussed  thoroughly,  and  then  two  or  three  cases  are  brought 
in  which  the  students  have  already  seen,  in  order  that  they 
may  note  the  change  in  the  cases.  Twice  a  week  the  students 
visit  the  wards  with  Prof.  Wagner, 

Prof.  Striiinpell  holds  a  clinic  on  general  medicine  every 
afternoon,  except  Wednesday,  from  2  to  3  p.m.,  at  the  poly- 
clinic. A  student  examines  a  case  and  then  Prof.  Striiinpell 
briefly  discusses  the  case  with  him  in  the  presence  of  the 
other  students.     Six  or  eight  such  cases  are  daily  discussed. 

Prof.  Heubner  gives  a  practical  course  on  clinical  medicine, 
and  a  course  of  lectures  with  demonstrations  on  diseases  of 
children.  Dr.  FriedHinder  gives  a  course  daily  on  the  special 
pathology  and  therapeutics  of  constitutional  diseases.  Dr. 
Scheube  gives  a  course  in  clinical  medicine,  and  also  one  on 
auscultation  and  percussion. 

Prof,  K.  Thiersch  holds  a  surgical  clinic  daily,  commencing 
at  8.30  p.m.,  and  continuing  two  hours,  He  has  a  very  large 
material  and  performs  all  sorts  of  operations,  his  favorite  ones 
being  rhinoplasties  and  operations  for  ectrophy  of  the  blad- 
der. He  is  a  very  bold  operator.  Laparotomies  are  per- 
3 


50  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

formed  frequently,  but  usually  not  till  after  the  students  have 
left  the  amphitheatre.  Strangers,  however,  are  usually  in- 
vited to  witness  them.  Prof.  Thiersch  also  gives  a  course  of 
lectures  on  surgery  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Fri- 
day, from  4  to  5  p.m.,  and  during  the  summer  semester  he 
gives,  in  addition  to  the  above  courses,  an  operative  course  in 
surgery,  in  which  the  students  perform,  under  his  direction, 
the  various  operations  on  the  cadaver. 

Prof.  Schmidt  gives  a  course  on  clinical  surgery,  illustrated 
by  cases  from  the  polyclinic.  Dr.  Schildbach  gives  a  course 
on  orthopcedic  surgery  at  the*  polyclinic.  Dr.  Lesser  gives  a 
practical  course  in  clinical  surgery  and  a  course  on  bandag- 
ing. Dr.  Kolliker  gives  a  course  on  surgery,  and  Dr.  Berger 
gives  a  course  on  bandaging  and  minor  surgery. 

The  advantages  for  studying  anatomy  in  Leipzig  are  prob- 
ably unsurpassed  in  the  world.  Profs.  His  and  Braune  spend 
the  greater  part  of  their  time  in  the  dissecting-room,  helping 
the  students,  and  in  this  work  they  are  aided  by  numerous 
assistants.  The  rooms  are  large,  well  ventilated,  and  well 
lighted.  Prof.  His  gives  during  the  summer  semester  a 
course  on  embrvolo^v,  another  on  general  histolo^v,  and  a 
practical  course  on  histology,  the  sections  cut  and  stained 
being  supplied  to  the  student  and  the  Professor  passing 
about  from  student  to  student  in  order  to  be  sure  that  each 
one  understands  the  specimen.  During  the  winter  semester 
he  lectures  on  systematic  anatomy  of  the  nervous  system,  the 
viscera,  and  the  organs  of  sense. 

Prof.  Braune  gives  systematic  lectures  on  the  bones,  joints, 
muscles,  and  vessels  during  the  winter  semester.  During 
the  summer  semester  he  lectures  on  the  bones  and  joints,  and 
gives  a  course  in  topographical  anatomy. 

Dr.  Tillmans  gives  a  course  of  surgical  anatomy  on  the  ca- 
daver, with  special  reference  to  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
the  most  important  surgical  diseases  an d  in j uries.  He  also  gives 
a  course  on  bandaging,  and  another  on  the  treatment  of  wounds. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE.  51 

Prof.  Rauber  gives  very  interesting  courses  on  the  special 
parts  of  anatomy,  varying  them  according  to  the  wishes  of 
the  students.     He  also  gives  a  course  on  embryology. 

Prof.  Wenzel  and  Dr.  Gaule  each  give  a  practical  micro- 
scopical course. 

Prof.  C.  Ludvrig  gives  experimental  lectures  on  physiology. 
During  the  winter  semester  these  lectures  are  on  sensation 
and  motion,  during  the  summer  semester  they  are  on  nutri- 
tion. His  lecture-room  is  very  crowded.  Students  are  also 
allowed  to  make  original  investigation  in  the  physiological 
laboratory  which  is  celebratedrfor  the  amount  of  work  which 

ft, 

has  been  done  there. 

One  of  the  most  popular  courses  in  Leipzig  is  that  of  Prof. 
Cohnheim  on  pathological  anatomy.  He  holds  a  course  on 
demonstrative  pathological  anatomy  on  Monday,  "Wednesday, 
and  Friday  afternoons,  from  2  to  4  o'clock.  One  of  these 
afternoons  is  devoted  to  autopsies — a  student  making  a  very 
thorough  autopsy,  and  the  Professor  criticising  him  severely. 
On  the  other  two  afternoons  pathological  specimens  from  re- 
cent autopsies  are  shown  and  explained  in  the  most  interest- 
ing way.  After  demonstrating  each  organ  of  a  case  he  shows 
the  relation  which  the  pathological  process  in  one  organ  bears 
to  that  in  another.  He  seeks  for  the  primary  lesion,  and  then 
traces  the  gradual  progress  of  the  disease. 

On  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday  afternoons,  from  3  to 
5,  Prof.  Weigert  gives  an  elementary  course  on  pathological 
histology.  Students  who  wish  to  pursue  original  investiga- 
tions in  pathological  anatomy  can  do  so  in  the  pathological 
laboratory  under  the  supervision  of  Prof.  Cohnheim.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above,  during  the  winter  semester,  Prof.  Cohn- 
heim lectures  on  general  pathology  daily. 

During  the  winter  semester  Prof.  Weigert  gives  a  course 
on  infectious  diseases  with  special  reference  to  micrococci, 
and  in  the  summer  semester  he  gives  a  course  on  special 
pathological  anatomy. 


53  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

Dr.  K.  Huber  gives  a  course  on  the  pathological  anatomy 
of  the  motor  apparatus. 

Prof.  Coccius  holds  a  clinic  for  diseases  of  the  eye  daily. 
He  also  gives  systematic  lectures  on  the  pathology  and  thera- 
peutics of  diseases  of  the  eye,  and  instructs  in  the  use  of  the 
ophthalmoscope. 

Dr.  P.  Schroter  gives  a  course  on  the  pathology  and  thera- 
peutics of  diseases  of  the  eye,  another  on  the  use  of  the  oph- 
thalmoscope, and  another  on  operations  on  the  eye.  Dr. 
W.  Schon  gives  a  course  on  the  ophthalmoscope,  and  also  one 
on  the  method  of  examining  the  eye.  Dr.  Kiister  gives  a 
course  on  diseases  of  the  eye.  Dr.  Fry  gives  a  course  on 
physiological  optics. 

Prof.  Hagen  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  ear,  and  holds 
a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  ear,  He  also  gives  a  course  on  the 
laryngoscope,  and  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  larynx. 

Dr.  W.  Moldenhauer  gives  a  course  on  the  examination  of 
the  ear,  and  also  one  on  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy. 

Dr.  Neisser  gives  a  course  on  syphilis  and  skin  diseases. 

Prof.  J.  Radius,  who  is  eighty-five  years  old,  gives  a  course 
on  hygiene,  and  another  on  Materia  Medica  and  toxicology. 

Prof.  Hofmann  gives  a  course  in  hygiene  with  demonstra- 
tion, and  instructs  in  laboratory  work  in  the  department  of 
hygiene.  Dr.  Emerich  gives  several  courses  in  hygiene  and 
in  methods  of  hygienic  investigation. 

Prof.  Eeclam  gives  a  course  in  hygiene  with  demonstration, 
and  also  one  in  therapeutics. 

Prof.  Winter  gives  a  course  in  therapeutics,  and  Prof.  Son- 
nenkalb  in  medical  jurisprudence. 

Dr.  Neumann  gives  a  course  in  materia  medica  and  hydro- 
therapeutics. 

Prof.  Cams,  zoology  and  Darwin's  theory. 

Prof.  P.  Flechsig  gives  a  course  in  insanity. 

Prof.  Drechsel  gives  a  course  in  physiological  chemistry. 

Medical  students  can  buy  books  at  Leipzig  from  a  number 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  53 

of  bookstores  at  a  discount  of  twenty  per  cent.,  and  the  book- 
seller will  send  books  to  America  at  the  same  discount.  Such 
a  store  is  kept  by  Th.  Staufter,  15  Universitats  Strasse. 

Leipzig  has  a  good  opera  and  several  good  theatres.  The 
concerts  given  during  the  winter  at  the  "  Gewandhause  "  are 
very  celebrated.  Tickets  to  these  concerts  can  sometimes  be 
obtained  from  the  porter  at  the  Hotel  Hauffe.  The  singing 
of  the  boys'  choir  in  the  Thoniaskircke  on  Saturday  after- 
noons at  1.30  is  also  very  fine. 


HEIDELBERG. 


The  two  universities  next  to  be  described  are  visited  by 
many  American  students  on  account  of  the  facilities  which 
they  offer  for  microscopic  work.  If  a  student  wishes  to  study 
pathological  histology  he  will  be  able  to  work  in  Heidelberg 
to  better  advantage.  If  he  wishes  to  study  normal  histology 
and  gross  pathological  anatomy,  he  had  better  go  to  Stras- 
bourg. Strasbourg  is  a  much  larger  city  than  Heidelberg,  but 
it  is  not  such  a  pleasant  place  to  live  in,  nor  is  the  scenery  in 
the  neighborhood  so  beautiful. 

Heidelberg  is  so  small  that  it  makes  little  difference  in 
what  part  of  the  town  a  student  lives.  There  are  many  good 
pensions  situated  on  the  anlage,  and  many  good  rooms  can  be 
rented  either  on  the  anlage  or  in  other  parts  of  the  town.  The 
price  of  a  good  room  varies  from  five  to  ten  dollars  per  month. 
At  the  Darmstadter  Hof,  and  at  Cafe  Leers,  regular  dinners 
are  served  in  the  middle  of  the  day  ;  the  one  at  Cafe  Leers 
being  better  and  a  little  more  expensive  than  the  one  at  the 
Darmstadter  Hof.  Opposite  the  anatomical  building  is  Eas- 
ter's bookstore,  at  which  a  discount  of  ten  per  cent,  is  given 
to  students. 

In  Heidelberg,  if  a  student  intends  to  study  many  branches 
of  medicine  it  will  be  necessary  for  him  to  matriculate  (vide 


54  A   GTTIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

Berlin).  If,  however,  he  intends  to  confine  himself  to  some 
special  work,  such  as  pathological  anatomy,  then  it  will  be 
merely  necessary  for  him  to  call  on  the  Chancellor  of  the 
University  and  obtain  a  written  permission  to  study. 

Prof.  Friedreich  used  to  hold  an  excellent  medical  clinic. 
He  visited  the  wards  daily  with  the  students.  He  assigned 
cases  to  the  students  and  criticised  their  examinations.  He 
also  gave  systematic  lectures  on  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine.  His  successor,  Prof.  Erb,  will  probably  conduct 
the  clinic  in  the  same  wav,  and  will  doubtless  devote  much 
time  to  the  discussion  of  nervous  diseases.  Prof.  Dusch 
gives  a  course  of  systematic  lectures  on  theory  and  practice, 
lie  also  holds  a  medical  clinic  at  the  polyclinic,  in  which  stu- 
dents are  given  cases  to  examine,  and  are  sent  about  to  take 
care  of  cases  in  the  city  under  the  general  supervision  and 
control  of  the  Professor.  Prof.  Weil  gives  an  excellent  course 
on  auscultation  and  percussion,  in  which  the  student  has 
practical  exercise.  He  also  gives  a  course  of  systematic  lec- 
tures on  theory  and  practice. 

Prof.  Czerny  holds  a  surgical  clinic  daily.  A  student  ex- 
amines a  case  and  Prof.  Czerny  discusses  it  with  him,  and 
allows  him  to  perform  any  of  the  simpler  operations.  Stu- 
dents are  not  infrequently  allowed  to  amputate  forearms,  etc., 
in  this  clinic.  Prof.  Czerny  also  gives  an  excellent  course  on 
operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver.  He  criticises  the  students 
as  they  perform  the  operations.  Prof.  Braun  assists  Prof. 
Czerny  in  his  operative  course,  and  in  addition  gives  a  course 
on  surgical  anatomy.  Prof.  Lozen  gives  a  course  on  the  sur- 
geiw  of  the  extremities,  and  Dr.  Fehr  gives  a  course  on  dis- 
eases of  the  bones  and  joints. 

Prof.  Kehrer  holds  a  clinic  on  obstetrics  and  gynecology, 
and  gives  a  course  on  operative  obstetrics  on  the  cadaver. 
Dr.  Cohnstein  gives  several  good  courses  en  obstetrics  and 
gynecology. 

Prof.  Fiirstner  and  Dr.  Fischer  each  give  courses  on  insan- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  55 

ity  illustrated  by  cases.  Prof.  Schiiltze  gives  a  very  good 
course  on  nervous  diseases  and  one  on  electro-therapeutics 
and  diagnosis.  Dr.  Steiner  gives  a  course  on  electricity  as 
applied  to  medicine. 

Prof.  Becker  holds  a  very  fine  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  eve 
four  times  a  week.  He  gives  also  excellent  courses  on  the 
ophthalmoscope,  and  on  operations  on  the  eye.  Dr.  Weiss 
gives  a  course  on  the  anomalies  of  refraction  and  accommo- 
dation. 

Prof.  Moos  gives  a  course  on  diseases  of  the  ear,  and  Dr. 
Steinburger  gives  a  course  on  the  histology  of  the  inner  ear. 

Prof.  Jurassez  gives  several  practical  courses  on  laryngo- 
scopy. 

Dr.  Mommsen  gives  a  course  on  the  examination  of  the 
urine  and  sputa,  and  he  gives  also  a  course  on  therapeutics. 

Prof.  Oppenheimer  and  Dr.  Moinmsen  give  courses  on 
therapeutics. 

The  most  celebrated  course  in  Heidelberg  is  that  of  Prof. 
Arnold  on  pathological  anatomy.  Prof.  Arnold  gives  lectures 
daily  at  3  p.m.  during  the  winter  semester  on  general,  during 
the  summer  on  special  pathological  anatomy.  These  lec- 
tures, which  are  rather  elementary,  are  illustrated  by  patho- 
logical specimens,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  'hour 
the  professor  exhibits  any  interesting  pathological  specimens 
which  he  may  have  obtained  from  recent  autopsies.  On 
"Wednesdays  and  Saturdays  during  the  summer  semester,  from 
4  to  6  p.m.,  a  course  is  given  in  which  the  specimens  already 
cut  are  supplied  to  the  students,  who  stain,  mount,  and  ex- 
amine them  with  the  help  of  Profs.  Arnold  and  Thoina. 
Three  different  specimens  are  thus  examined  at  each  exer- 
cise. A  considerable  number  of  the  autopsies,  which  are  held 
in  the  pathological  building,  are  performed  by  students  un- 
der the  guidance  and  criticism  of  Prof.  Arnold.  The  labora- 
tory for  pathological  histology  is  very  conveniently  arranged. 
Each  student  is  supplied  with  a  desk  and  can  work  there  all 


56  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

day  long.  An  abundance  of  material  is  supplied  to  him,  and 
he  can  work  up  any  particular  subject,  or  can  take  a  general 
course  in  pathological  histology.  Two  or  three  autopsies  are 
held  daily,  and  the  student  can  attend  them  all,  and  can  ex- 
amine any  specimen  which  interests  him,  both  in  the  fresh 
and  in  the  hardened  condition.  Prof.  Arnold  and  Prof. 
Thoma  have  private  laboratories  adjoining  the  general  one, 
and  either  one  professor  or  the  other  passes  around  the  labo- 
ratory every  hour,  in  order  to  help  any  student  who  wishes 
aid.  They  are  very  kind,  and  will  sit  down  and  talk  about  a 
specimen  or  a  point  in  pathological  anatomy  for  a  long  time. 
Prof.  Thoma  assists  Prof.  Arnold  in  instructing  the  students, 
and  in  addition  usually  gives  a  course  on  some  subject  in 
pathological  anatomy. 

Prof.  Gegenbauer  lectures  on  descriptive  anatomy,  his 
course  extending  through  both  the  winter  and  summer  semes- 
ters. In  the  summer  semester  he  lectures  on  comparative 
anatomy.  He  conducts  the  work  in  the  dissecting  room,  in 
•which  he  is  aided  by  Dr.  Eunge,  who  also  gives  special  courses 
in  anatomy  and  histology.  Prof.  Nuhn  gives  a  number  of 
good  courses  on  anatomy  and  histology  which  he  modifies  to 
suit  the  wishes  of  his  students. 

Prof.  Kiihne  lectures  on  physiology,  and  allows  students  to 
make  original  investigations  in  his  laboratorv.  Dr.  Ewald 
gives  an  excellent  course  on  histology,  in  which  the  students 
have  practical  work  in  preparing  and  mounting  specimens. 

Prof.  Delffs  gives  a  course  on  experimental  organic  chemis- 
try, and  also  gives  instruction  in  the  chemical  laboratory. 


STRASBOURG. 


In  order  to  study  in  Strasbourg  it  is  usually  necessary  to 
matriculate,  although  if  a  student  wishes  to  study  one  special 
subject  only,  he  may  sometimes  get  a  permission  to  study 
from,  the  Chancellor  without  going  through  the  tedious  cere- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUE0PE.  57 

mony  of  matriculation.      (For  an  account  of  the  matriculation 
ceremony  see  under  the  University  of  Berlin.) 

There  is  no  special  part  of  the  city  where  medical  students 
live.  Metzger  Strasse  is  a  convenient  street.  Houses  in 
which  there  are  rooms  to  rent  have  notices  to  that  effect 
pasted  on  them. 

The  histological  course  at  Strasbourg  is  perhaps  the  most 
celebrated  in  the  world.  The  histological  and  pathological 
laboratories  are  in  the  same  building  which  has  been  recently 
built,  and  is  very  conveniently  arranged.  Prof.  Waldeyer 
lectures  on  Monday,  from  5  to  7  p.m.,  during  the  summer 
semester.  Id  this  lecture  he  lavs  out  the  work  for  the  week, 
and  describes  the  manner  of  preparing  the  different  speci- 
mens. During  the  week  the  students  work  in  the  laboratory 
making  the  specimens  which  have  been  described  in  the 
Monday  lecture.  Every  morning  Prof.  "Waldeyer  spends  an 
hour  or  two  in  the  laboratory,  examining  and  criticising  the 
work  of  the  students.  His  remarks  are  directed  to  the  way 
in  which  the  specimen  has  been  cut,  stained,  mounted,  etc., 
rather  than  to  the  specimen  itself.  Prof.  Waldeyer  also  gives 
daily,  at  2  p.m.,  during  the  summer  semester,  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  histology,  illustrated  by  a  complete  set  of  histological 
specimens.  In  the  winter  semester  he  lectures  on  anatomy 
and  embryology,  and  conducts  the  work  in  the  dissecting- 
room.  Prof.  Waldeyer  is  an  excellent  lecturer.  In  the  win- 
ter semester  his  work  is  almost  exclusively  anatomical,  in  the 
summer  semester  histological.  He  is  assisted  by  Prof.  Jussel, 
who  gives  also  a  course  on  topographical  anatomy. 

Prof.  Recklinghausen  gives  a  course  on  pathological  anat- 
omy daily,  except  Friday,  from  7  to  9.30  a.m.  Monday  is  de- 
voted to  making  autopsies.  A  student  performs  the  autopsy, 
and  Prof.  Recklinghausen  criticises  him  at  eveiy  step  of  the 
process.  The  examination  is  most  minute,  and  the  exercise 
is  exceedingly  valuable.  On  two  of  the  other  mornings  Prof. 
Eecklinghausen  exhibits  a  number  of  fresh  pathological  speci- 


5S  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

mens,  and  lectures  upon  them  in  a  most  exhaustive  way. 
On  the  two  remaining  mornings  there  is  a  microscopical 
course,  the  students  cutting  and  examining  microscopic  sec- 
tions which  they  make  from  fresh  organs,  and  the  professor 
examining  the  specimens  prepared  by  each  student  and  ex- 
plaining  them.  Every  afternoon  Prof.  Recklinghausen  lec- 
tures on  pathological  anatomy — the  general  part  in  the  winter, 
•the  special  in  the  summer  semester.  Students  can  work  in 
the  pathological  laboratory  all  day  long.  They  do  not,  how- 
ever, get  as  much  personal  attention  from  the  professor  as 
most  of  them  would  like,  and  they  witness  odIv  the  two  or 
three  autopsies  which  are  made  on  Monday  morning  as  above 
described.  Prof.  Recklinghausen  is  an  excellent  teacher,  and 
his  course  on  pathological  anatomy  is  one  of  the  very  finest  in 
the  world. 

Prof.  Hoppe-Seyler  gives  a  course  on  physiological  chem- 
istry, another  on  medical  chemistry,  and  another  on  hygiene, 
and  he  allows  students  to  work  in  his  laboratory  of  physio- 
logical chemistry. 

Prof.  Golz  lectures  on  physiology,  and  allows  students  to 
work  in  the  physiological  laboratory. 

Prof.  Liicke  holds  a  surgical  clinic  daily  and  gives  a  course 
on  operative  surgery.  Dr.  Fischer  gives  a  course  on  general 
surgery  and  another  on  bandaging  and  operations. 

Prof.  Kussmaul  holds  a  medical  clinic  daily  and  also  lec- 
tures on  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  Prof.  Kohts 
holds  a  medical  clinic  at  the  polyclinic  ;  he  also  holds  a 
clinic  on  children's  diseases,  and  gives  a  practical  course  on 
the  laryngoscope.  Dr.  Yan  den  Yelden  gives  a  practical 
course  on  physical  diagnosis.  Dr.  Meyer  gives  a  course  on 
auscultation  and  percussion.  Dr.  Kossel  gives  a  course  on 
the  methods  of  clinical  examination.  Dr.  Meriog  gives  a 
course  on  the  diseases  of  the  urinary  apparatus  and  the 
method  of  examining  the  urine. 

Prof.  Wieger  lectures  on  the  history  of  medicine,  and  also, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  59 

in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Wolff,  gives  a  course  on  syphilitic 
and  cutaneous  diseases. 

Prof.  Aubenas  gives  a  course  on  obstetrical  operations  and 
on  puerperal  diseases.  Prof.  Freund  holds  an  obstetrical 
and  gynecological  chnic  ;  he  also  gives  a  practical  course  on 
the  obstetrical  operations  and  a  course  on  diseases  of  the 
uterus. 

Prof.  Jolly  gives  a  course  on  insanity,  another  on  medical 
jurisprudence,  and  another  on  electro-therapeutics.  Dr. 
Kniger  gives  a  course  on  medical  jurisprudence.  Dr.  Wifc- 
kowski  gives  a  course  on  insanity  and  another  on  diseases  of 
the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Prof.  Schmiedeberg  gives  a  course  on  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics.     Dr.  Meyer  also  gives  a  course  on  therapeutics. 

Prof.  Laqueur  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  eye  and  also 
gives  a  course  on  operations  on  the  eye.  Dr.  Stilling  gives  a 
practical  course  on  the  ophthalmoscope  and  another  on  the 
anomalies  of  refraction  and  accommodation.  Dr.  Ulrich  gives 
a  course  on  diseases  of  the  eye  and  another  on  the  use  of  the 
ophthalmoscope. 

Prof.  Kuhn  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  ear. 

The  universities  already  described  are  those  which  are  the 
most  frequented  by  American  students.  Of  the  other  uni- 
versities I  have  no  personal  knowledge.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  professors  and  of  the  subjects  taught  in  the  differ- 
ent universities,  and  from  what  has  already  been  said  about 
the  methods  of  instruction,  a  student  can  form  a  pretty  cor- 
rect idea  of  what  he  can  do  in  any  particular  place.  On 
account  of  the  great  number  of  students  who  are  always 
struggling  to  get  into  the  best  courses  in  Vienna,  it  is  often 
said  that  it  is  better  to  p-o  to  a  smaller  university  where  there 
are  fewer  doctors  seeking  for  special  instruction.  Practically, 
however,  unless  a  doctor  wishes  to  work  up  some  special 
branch  he  will  not  gain  much  by  going  to  a  small  university. 


CO  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Iii  it  the  work  is  all  arranged  for  under- graduate  students, 
and  though  there  are  privat-docents  who  are  willing  to  give 
special  instruction,  yet  the}7  are  not  willing  to  do  so  to  one 
man,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  find  the  other  men  to  make  up  a 
class  of  three  or  four. 

In  the  following  list,  immediately  after  the  name  of  the 
professor,  stand  those  courses  which  he  gives  both  during  the 
winter  and  the  summer  semester,  then  the  courses  which  he 
gives  only  in  the  winter,  and  finally  those  which  he  gives 
onlv  in  the  summer  semester.  The  number  after  each  sub- 
ject  denotes  the  number  of  hours  per  week  which  are  de- 
voted to  it.  The  list  is  taken  from  Ascherson's  Universitiits- 
Kalendar. 


BONX. 

Regular  Professors. — G.  Veit :  gynecology,  1;  practical  ex- 
ercises in  gynecological  clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  obstetrics, 
G.  In  summer  sem.,  medical  jurisprudence,  4.  F.  v.  Leydig  : 
comparative  anatomy,  3.  In  winter  sem.,  comparative  osteol- 
ogy, 1.  In  summer  sem.,  embryology  of  vertebrates,  1 ;  prac- 
tical exercises  in  anatomy  and  histology,  daily.  E.  Pfluger  : 
work  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily  ;  physiology  (general 
part  in  summer  sem.),  5.  In  summer  sem.,  chemical  physiol- 
ogy, 4.  H.  Ruble  :  diseases  of  nervous  system,  1 ;  theory  and 
practice,  3  or  5  ;  medical  clinic  and  polyclinic,  1^.  C.  Koster  : 
work  in  pathological  laboratory,  daily  ;  demonstrative  course 
in  pathological  anatomy,  with  autopsies,  6  ;  pathological  anat- 
omy and  physiology  (special  part  in  winter,  general  in  sum- 
mer semester),  5.  In  summer  sem.,  practical  course  in  patho- 
logical histology,  4.  Th.  Saemisch  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  eye,  3  ; 
course  on  the  ophthalmoscope,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  relation  of 
the  diseases  of  the  eye  to  general  diseases,  1  ;  operations  on 
the  eye,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  internal  diseases  of  the  eye,  with 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  Gl 

pathological  anatomical  demonstrations,  1 ;  diagnosis  of  func- 
tional diseases  of  the  eye,  1.  C.  Binz  :  work  in  the  pharma- 
cological laboratory,  daily.  In  winter  sem.,  experimental 
pharmacology,  4 ;  experimental  toxicology,  1.  In  summer 
sem.,  pharmacology  and  prescriptions,  4.  A.  v.  La  Yalette 
St.  George  :  work  in  anatomical  laboratory,  daily.  In  winter 
sem.,  special  anatomy,  6  ;  anatomical  exercises,  42.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  general  anatomy,  with  microscopic  demonstrations 
and  exercises,  6  ;  course  on  the  microscope,  3.  F.  Trendelen- 
burg (lately  called  from  Rostock)  :  surgical  clinic,  surgery, 
operative  surgery. 

Honorary  reg.  Professor. — W.  Nasse  :  exercises  in  clinical 
insanity,  2. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Schafthausen  :  in  winter  sem., 
anthropology,  2  ;  general  physiology,  1  ;  general  pathology, 
1.  In  summer  sem.,  primitive  history  of  mankind,  2  ;  ency- 
clopedic view  of  medicine,  1 ;  microscopic  demonstrations  and 
exercises  in  illustration  of  general  physiology,  2.  J.  Doutrele- 
pont ;  syphilis,  with  clinical  demonstrations,  1.  In  winter  sem., 
diseases  of  the  skin,  with  demonstrations,  1  ;  surgical  bandag- 
ing, with  exercises,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  general  surgery,  with 
clinical  demonstrations,  4.  F.  Obernier  :  clinical  demonstra- 
tions of  children's  diseases,  1  ;  physical  and  chemical  diagno- 
sis, with  exercises,  5.  In  winter  sem.,  laryngoscopy,  1.  In 
summer  sem.,  electro-therapeutics,  1.  C.  Finkelnburg  :  insan- 
ity, 3.  C.  v.  Mosengeil :  in  winter  sem.,  general  surgery,  3  ; 
fractures,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  bandaging,  2  ;  special  surgery, 
1.  C.  W.  Madelung  :  in  winter  sem.,  exercises  in  surgical 
diagnosis,  2  ;  general  surgery,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  special  sur- 
gery, 2  ;  diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  2  ;  operative  surgery 
course,  12.  M.  Nussbaum  :  in  winter  sem.,  anatomy  of  brain 
and  spinal  cord,  1  ;  topographical  anatomy,  2  ;  in  summer 
sem.,  theory  and  use  of  the  microscope,  1  ;  anatomy  of  organs 
of  sense,  2  ;  anatomy  of  bones  and  joints,  2.  D.  Finkler : 
pathology  of  secretions  and  excretions,  2  ;  physical  diagnosis,  G. 


C2  A   GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

Primt-docents. — F.  Fuchs  :  medical  physics,  2.  J.  Kocks  : 
course  of  operative  obstetrics,  4  ;  course  of  operative  gyne- 
cology, 1.  H.  Walb  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  6.  C. 
Burger  :  clinic  of  children's  diseases,  2  ;  course  on  the  lar- 
yngoscope, 2  ;  electro-therapeutics,  1.  S.  Wolffberg  :  hygi- 
ene, 1  ;  small -pox  and  vaccination,  1.  H.  Schulz  :  in  winter 
sem.,  materia  medica,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  history  of  medi- 
cine since  the  time  of  Versalius,  1  ;  toxicology,  2.  H.  Bib- 
bert  :  diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  2.  W.  Kocks :  structure 
and  function  of  the  brain,  1. 


BRESLAU. 

Beg ular  Professors. — H.  Haser  :  general  etiology  and  thera- 
peutics, 1 ;  encyclopedic  view  and  methods  of  medicine,  2  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  history  of  medicine,  2  ;  materia  medica,  5  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  epidemic  diseases,  1.  R.  P.  H.  Heidenhain  : 
in  winter  sem.,  physiology  of  excretion,  2  ;  physiology  of  the 
organs  of  sense  and  of  the  vegetative  functions,  6  ;  micro- 
scopic and  experimental  work,  daily  (both  in  summer  and 
winter  sem.)  ;  in  summer  sem.,  animal  electricity,  1  ;  gen- 
eral physiology  and  physiology  of  the  nervous  system,  4^  ; 
general  histology,  2  ;  course  on  the  microscope,  4.  A.  Bier- 
mer :  medical  clinic  and  polyclinic,  9  ;  theory  and  practice, 
2.  H.  Fischer  :  surgical  clinic  and  polyclinic,  7J  or  9  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  diseases  of  the  bladder  and  prostate,  1  ;  general 
surgery,  5  ;  in  summer  sem.,  orthopaedic  surgery,  1  ;  oper- 
ative surgical  course  on  the  cadaver,  12.  R.  Forster  :  clinic 
of  diseases  of  the  eye,  3f  ;  in  winter  sem.,  anomalies  of  ac- 
commodation and  refraction,  1  ;  diseases  of  the  eye,  3  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  course  on  the  ophthalmoscope,  1 ;  practical 
exercises  on  operations  on  the  eye,  2.  C.  Hasse  :  morphology 
of  man,  6  ;  anatomical  dissection,  48  ;  in  winter  sem.,  mor- 
phology of  the   skeleton,    2  ;  topographical  anatomy,  6^  ;  in 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  G3 

summer  sem.,  morphology  of  the  integuments,  1.  E.  Pon- 
fick  :  work  in  pathological  laboratory,  daily  ;  pathological 
anatomy  (special  part  in  summer,  general  in  winter  sem.),  5  ; 
demonstrative  course  on  pathological  anatomy,  with  autopsies, 
5 J  ;  in  summer  sem.,  course  on  pathological  histology,  4.  H. 
Fritsch  (lately  called  from  Halle)  :  obstetrical  and  gyneco- 
logical clinic  and  operative  courses. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Neumann  :  clinic  of  insanity, 
2  ;  forensic  insanity,  2.  I.  Klopsch :  history  of  surgery,  1 ; 
diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  2.  K.  Voltoni :  anatomy  (nor- 
mal and  pathological)  of  the  ear,  1  ;  course  on  laryngoscopy 
and  rhinoscopy,  2.  H.  Friedberg  :  public  hygiene,  1 ;  medi- 
cal jurisprudence,  2.  L.  Auerbach  :  embryology,  2 ;  com- 
parative histology,  2.  H.  Cohn  :  diseases  of  the  eye,  1 ;  course 
on  the  ophthalmoscope,  2.  R.  Gscheidlen :  physiological 
chemistry,  2  ;  practical  course  in  medical  chemistry,  2  ;  chem- 
istry of  the  urine,  1.  E.  Richter :  in  winter  sem.,  fractures 
and  their  treatment,  4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  special  surgery,  3  ; 
operative  surgery  course,  2  ;  amputations  and  resections,  1. 
L.  Hirt :  public  hygiene,  1  ;  medical  jurisprudence,  2.  J. 
Sommerbrodt :  diseases  of  cervical  and  thoracic  viscera,  1  ; 
auscultation  and  percussion,  2.  O.  Berger  :  clinic  of  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system,  2  ;  in  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  spinal 
cord,  1 ;  in  summer  sem.,  electro-therapeutics,  1.  J.  Gierke : 
anthropology,  2 ;  review  of  physiology  and  histology,  3. 
Neisser  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  skin  and  syphilis. 

Priuat-docents. — J.  Bruck :  clinic  of  diseases  of  teeth,  6; 
operations  on  teeth  and  the  use  of  instruments,  2.  J.  Gott- 
stein :  diagnostic  and  therapeutic  exercises  on  diseases  of  the 
ear,  1  ;  practical  course  on  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy  at 
the  polyclinic,  2.  E.  Friinkel :  practical  exercises  in  gyne- 
cology, 3 ;  diseases  of  puerperal  state,  3.  G.  Joseph :  in 
winter  sem.,  anatomy  of  base  of  skull,  1  ;  morphology  and  bi- 
ology of  the  poisonous  and  parasitic  animals,  3  ;  comparative 
anatomy  of  the  invertebrates,   4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  medical 


64  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

zoology,  2  ;  microscopic  exercises  in  zoology  ;  entomology 
for  farmers,  3.  H.  Magnus  :  course  on  the  ophthalmoscope, 
2 ;  selected  subjects  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  1.  G.  Born : 
embryology  of  the  vertebrates,  3  ;  in  winter  sem.,  bones  and 
ligaments,  3.  J.  Kolaczek  :  fractures  and  luxations,  3  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  microscopic  course  on  tumors,  1 ;  in  summer 
sem.,  bandaging,  1.  O.  Soltmann  :  clinic  of  children's  dis- 
eases, with  diagnostic  exercises,  2  ;  care  and  nourishment  of 
children,  1.  O.  Bosenbach  :  the  diagnostic  and  therapeutic 
methods  of  internal  medicine,  2  ;  diseases  of  nutrition,  2. 
A.  Buchwald :  prescription  writing,  1 ;  review  of  materia 
medica  and  toxicology,  3  ;  diseases  of  kidney,  with  urinary 
examination,  2.  H.  Strasser  :  osteology  and  syndesmology,  4. 
J.  Jacobi :  hygiene  of  food,  1.  W.  Weiner :  malignant  tu- 
mors of  the  female  genitals,  2  ;  course  on  gynecological  oper- 
ations, 1.  M.  Freund  :  anomalies  in  the  pelvic  organs  of  in- 
fants, 1 ;  practical  exercises  in  vaccination,  1.  W.  Boux  : 
malformations,  1. 


ERLANGEN. 

'Regular  Professors. — J.  Gerlach  :  systematic  anatomy  (ves- 
sels and  nerves  in  summer  sem.),  6  ;  in. winter  sem.,  anatomy 
of  organs  of  sense,  2  ;  anatomical  dissecting,  36  ;  in  summer 
sem.,  topographical  anatomy,  3.  F.  A.  Zenker :  work  in  la- 
boratory of  pathological  anatomy,  daily  ;  demonstrative  course 
in  pathological  anatomy,  with  autopsies,  4  ;  in  winter  sem., 
general  pathological  anatomy,  5  ;  exercises  in  pathological 
histology,  4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  special  pathological  anatomy, 
5  ;  pathological  anatomy  of  the  respiratory  organs,  1 ;  medi- 
cal jurisprudence,  3.  W.  Heineke  :  surgical  clinic,  9  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  diseases  of  muscles,  joints,  and  bones,  5  ;  surg- 
ical diseases  of  vessels  and  nerves,  2  ;  diseases  of  the  ear,  2  ; 
in  summer  sem.,  special  surgery,  5  ;  operative  surgery  on  the 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  05 

cadaver,  12.     J.  Rosenthal  :  experimental  work  in  physiology 

and  hygiene  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily,  experimental 
physiology,  4  or  6  ;  in  winter  sera.,  experimental  hygiene,  4  ; 
physiological  chemistry.  W.  O.  Leube  :  medical  clinic,  9  ; 
theory  and  practice,  5.  P.  Zweifel :  obstetrical  and  gyneco- 
logical clinic,  5  ;  in  winter  sem.,  theoretical  midwifery,  4 ; 
diseases  of  female  urinary  organs,  1 ;  in  summer  sem.,  g}rne- 
cology,  2  ;  gynecological  operative  course  ;  obstetrical  opera- 
tive course,  4.  H.  Sattler :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  3  ; 
in  winter  sem.,  examination  of  the  eye  (before  Christmas 
ophthalmoscopy,  after  Christmas  anomalies  of  refraction  and 
accommodation),  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  course  on  operations 
on  the  eve. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — F.  W.  H.  Trott :  materia  med- 
ica,  5  ;  in  winter  sem.,  hygiene,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  prescrip- 
tion writing,  2.  F.  W.  Hagen  :  insanity,  with  clinical  demon- 
strations, 1.  W.  Filehne  :  diseases  due  to  intoxication,  2  ; 
prescription  writing,  with  practica  lexercises,  2  ;  practical  ex- 
ercises in  the  preparation  of  medicines  ;  work  in  experimental 
pharmacy  ;  in  summer  sem.,  materia  medica,  5. 

Privat-clocents. — F.  Penzoldt :  clinic  of  children's  diseases, 
2  ;  course  on  physical  diagnosis,  2.  L.  Gerlach  :  in  winter 
sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology,  5  ;  embryology  of  man 
and  the  vertebrates,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  histology,  3  ;  micro- 
scopic course  for  beginners  (general  histology),  4 ;  micro- 
scopic course  for  advanced  students  (histology  of  the  organs), 
4.  R.  Fleischer :  in  winter  sem.,  venereal  diseases,  2  ; 
laryngoscopy  and  diseases  of  the  larynx,  2  ;  examination  of 
urine  and  sputa,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  acute  infectious  dis- 
eases, 2  ;  electro-therapeutics  and  diagnosis  of  nervous  dis- 
eases ;  therapeutics  of  bathing,  1.  Th.  "Weyl :  physiologi- 
cal and  pathological  medical  chemistry,  2  ;  practical  work  in 
physiological  and  hygienic  chemistry,  5Q.  W.  Kiesselbach  : 
diseases  of  the  ear,  2  ;  practical  exercises  in  the  examination 
of  the  ear,  5. 


GG  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


FREIBURG. 

Regular  Professors. — A.  Ecker  :  anatomy  (in  summer  sem., 
on  the  nervous  system),  6  or  3  ;  anatomical  dissecting,  daily. 
L.  v.  Babo :  chemistry  (in  summer  sem.,  organic),  5  ;  work 
in  chemical  laboratory,  daily.  E.  Maier :  work  in  pathologi- 
cal-anatomical laboratory,  daily  ;  pathological  anatomy  (gen- 
eral part  in  winter,  special  in  summer  sem.),  5  ;  in  winter 
sem.,  medical  jurisprudence,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  practical 
exercises  in  pathological  histology,  4  ;  hygiene,  2.  A.  Hegar  : 
obstetrical  and  gynecological  clinic,  5  ;  in  winter  sem.,  gyne- 
cological examinations  and  operations,  2  ;  operative  obstetri- 
cal course  ;  in  summer  sem.,  the  pelvis  and  the  mechanism  of 
birth,  1.  F.  Hildebrand  :  botany  (general  part  in  winter, 
special  in  summer  sem. ),  5 ;  exercises  in  microscopical  bot- 
any, 3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  botanical  excursions,  1.  W.  Manz  : 
clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  3  ;  practical  ophthalmoscopic 
course,  4 ;  in  winter  sem.,  diagnostic  course  on  diseases  of 
the  eye,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  systematic  lectures  on  diseases 
of  the  eye  ;  course  on  operations  on  the  eye,  2.  Chr.  Baum- 
ler :  medical  clinic,  7 ;  theory  and  practice,  5.  G.  F.  L. 
Thomas  :  polyclinic,  with  especial  reference  to  children's  dis- 
eases, 9 ;  materia  medica,  4  ;  diseases  of  children,  1.  H. 
Maas :  surgical  clinic,  7^- ;  in  winter  sem.,  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  surgery,  4  ;  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  2  ;  in  summer 
sem.,  operative  surgery  course,  7. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — A.  Schinzinger  :  special  surgery 
(fractures,  luxations,  and  diseases  of  joints  in  winter  ;  diseases 
of  head,  neck,  and  trunk  in  the  summer  sem.),  4.  R.  Kalten- 
bach :  in  winter  sem.,  gynecology,  including  the  gynecologi- 
cal operations  ;  in  summer  sem.,  diseases  of  the  puerperal 
condition,  1  ;  operative  obstetrical  course,  3.  J.  Latschen- 
berger  :  in  winter  sem.,  physiological  chemistry,  2  ;  practical 
work  in  the  physiological  laboratory,   1  ;  in  summer  sem., 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUEOrE.  67 

physiology  of  reproduction,  1  ;  physiology  of  the  voice  and 
speech  ;  toxicology,  2  ;  physiological-chemical  part  of  hy- 
giene, 1.  A.  Rohrig  :  public  hygiene,  2  ;  therapeutics  of 
bathing,  1.  R.  "NViedershain  :  osteology  and  syndesmology, 
4  ;  in  winter  sera.,  comparative  anatomy  and  paleontology  of 
vertebrates,  4  ;  topographical  anatomy,  2  ;  in  summer  sent., 
anatomy  of  the  peripheral  nerves  and  of  the  organs  of  sense, 
4  ;  practical  course  in  normal  histology,  4.  J.  v.  Kries  : 
physiology  of  nutrition,  5  ;  practical  exercises  in  physiology, 

2  ;  work  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily. 
Primt-docents. — J.  Fritschi :  in  winter  sem.,  criminal  psy- 
chology, 2  ;  diseases  of  children,  2  ;  materia  medica  and  pre- 
scription writing,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  medical  jurisprudence, 

3  ;  public  hygiene,  2.  E.  Engesser  :  in  winter  sem.,  electro- 
therapeutics, 2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  physical  diagnosis,  2.  L. 
Kirn  :  clinic  of  insanity,  1  ;  in  winter  sem.,  insanity,  3  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  forensic  insanity,  2.  W.  Hack  :  syphilis  and 
diseases  of  the  skin,  with  demonstrations,  2  ;  practical  course 
on  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy.  E.  Bostrum  :  pathological 
anatomical  demonstrations  and  autopsies,  4  ;  tumors,  1.  O. 
Pinner :  fractures  and  luxations  and  bandaging,  3  ;  review  of 
surgery.     Thiry  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  2. 


GIESSEX. 

Regular  Professors. — J.  Wilbrand  :  medical  jurisprudence, 
5  ;  public  hygiene,  4.  C.  Eckhard  :  in  winter  sem.,  anatomy, 
12  ;  position  of  the  viscera,  2  ;  anatomical  dissecting,  35  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  experimental  physiology,  10  ;  embryology,  3  ; 
exercises  in  histology,  6.  G.  Pflug  :  surgery,  5  ;  theory  and 
practice  of  veterinary  surgery,  with  autopsies,  5  ;  in  winter 
sem.,  medico-surgical  clinic,  6  ;  in  summer  sem.,  operative 
surgical  course,  2.  C.  Gaehtgens  :  materia  medica,  4  ;  phar- 
macy, 3  ;  practical  work  in  laboratory  of  medical  chemistry, 


63  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

daily.  H.  Bose  :  surgical  clinic,  G  ;  in  winter  sem.,  special 
surgery,  4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  theoretical  course  on  surgical 
operations  ;  surgical  operative  course  on  the  cadaver,  2.  A. 
v.  Hippel  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  5  ;  course  on  the 
ophthalmoscope,  2  ;  in  winter  sem.,  course  on  operations  on 
the  eye  ;  in  summer  sem.,  methods  of  physical  examination 
of  the  eye,  1.  F.  Riegel :  medical  clinic,  6  ;  in  winter  sem., 
course  on  the  laryngoscope,  2  ;  methods  of  clinical  examina- 
tion, 2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  special  pathology,  2.  F.  Ahlfeld  : 
obstetrical  and  gynecological  clinic,  5  ;  in  winter  sem.,  oper- 
ative obstetrical  course  ;  in  summer  sem.,  gynecology,  3.  F. 
Marchand  :  pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter, 
special  in  summer  sem.)  ;  demonstrative  course  of  pathologi- 
cal anatomy  with  autopsies  ;  in  summer  sem.,  course  on 
pathological  histology,  6  ;  work  in  pathological  anatomical 
laboratory,  daily,  winter  and  summer. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — F.  Birnbaum  :  operative  obstet- 
rical course  on  the  phantoin,  3  ;  in  winter  sem.,  diseases  of 
children,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  hygiene,  3.  H.  Eichbaum  :  in 
winter  sem.,  zootomy  of  domestic  animals,  and  exercises  in 
dissecting  ;  in  summer  sem.,  histology,  2  ;  exercises  in  histol- 
ogy, 4  ;  judgment  of  qualities  of  horses,  2  ;  history  of  veteri- 
nary medicine,  1 ;  horse-breeding,  1. 

Teacher  of  Veterinary  Medicine. — L.  Winkler  :  veterinary  hy- 
giene and  epidemics,  4  ;  veterinary  polyclinic,  daily. 

Privat-docents. — H.  Baur :  in  winter  sem.,  surgical  diag- 
nosis, 3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  fractures,  2.  L.  Edinger :  course 
on  auscultation  and  j)ercussion,  2  ;  examination  of  larynx  and 
ear,  2. 

GOTTIXGEX. 

Pegular  Professors. — J.  Henle  :  systematic  anatomy  (vessels 
and  nerves  in  summer  sem.),  6  ;  in  winter  sem.,  bones  and 
ligaments,  3  ;  topographical  anatomy,  3  ;  anatomical  dissect- 
ing, 42  ;  in  summer  sem.,  general  anatomy,  6.     G.  Meissner  : 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  69 

work  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily  ;  experimental  physi- 
ology (in  winter  sern.,  nervous  system  and  organs  of  sense  ; 
in  summer  sem.,  nutrition),  6  ;  in  winter  sem.,  hygiene,  3  ; 
in  summer  sem.,  physiology  of  reproduction  and  embryology. 
H.  Schwartz  :  obstetrical  and  gynecological  clinic,  4  ;  in  win- 
ter sem.,  obstetrics,  4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  gynecology,  4.  L. 
Meyer :  clinic  of  insanity,  with  lectures  on  diseases  of  the 
brain,  4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  cranial  deformities,  1  ;  in  summer 
sem.,  forensic  psychiatry,  2.  Th.  Leber  :  clinic  of  diseases  of 
the  eye,  4 ;  in  winter  sem.,  course  on  ©iterations  on  the  eye. 
W.  Ebstein  :  medical  clinic,  8  ;  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine, 4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  exercises  in  the  examination  of  ner- 
vous diseases,  with  especial  reference  to  electro-therapeutics, 
2.  W.  Marme  :  experimental  and  demonstrative  course  on 
materia  medica  and  prescription  writing,  3  ;  toxicology,  1  ; 
pharmacy,  3  ;  practical  exercises  in  pharmacy  and  toxicology 
in  laboratory,  daily ;  in  winter  sem.,  electro- therapeutics,  2  ; 
in  summer  sem.,  microscopical  exercises  in  pharmacy,  4.  G. 
F.  Konig  :  surgical  clinic,  1^  ;  in  winter  sem.,  special  surgery, 
4;  in  summer  sem.,  surgical  operative  course.  J.  Orth: 
pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter,  special  in  sum- 
mer sem.),  5  ;  practical  exercises  in  pathological  histology,  4; 
in  winter  sem.,  demonstrative  course  in  pathological  anatomy, 
with  autopsies  ;  general  etiology,  with  special  reference  to  in- 
fectious diseases,  1 ;  in  summer  sem.,  pathological  anatomy 
of  the  motor  apparatus,  1. 

Extraordinary  Professors.  — E.  F.  W.  Herbst :  physiology, 
with  experiments  and  microscopic  demonstrations,  6.  W. 
Krause  :  practical  course  in  histology,  3  ;  in  winter  sem' , 
medical  jurisprudence,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  mechanism  of  the 
joints,  1  ;  histology,  2.  C.  F.  Lohmeyer :  special  surgery,  5. 
Th.  Husemann  :  demonstrative  and  experimental  course  on 
materia  medica,  5 ;  practical  work  in  the  laboratory  of  phar- 
macy and  toxicology,  daily.  J.  Rosenbach :  surgical  poly- 
clinic, 1 ;  in  winter  sem.,  surgical  operations,  4 ;  in  summer 


70  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

seni.,  general  surgery,  5  ;  course  ou  surgical  diagnosis,  2.  H. 
Eichorst :  practical  execises  in  physical  diagnosis,  3  ;  laryn- 
goscopy course,  1 ;  diagnosis  of  urine  and  sputa,  1 ;  diseases 
of  children,  2  ;  exercises  in  the  polyclinic. 

Privat-docents. — H.  Weise  :  exercises  in  physical  diagnosis, 
4.  C.  Hartwig :  operative  obstetric  course  on  the  phantom, 
2.  A.  v.  Brunn  :  practical  exercises  in  histology,  4  ;  bones 
and  ligaments,  3.  R.  Deutschmann  :  ophthalmoscopic  course, 
2  ;  anomalies  of  refraction  and  accommodation,  2.  K.  Biirk- 
ner  :  diseases  of  the  ear,  with  practical  exercises,  2  ;  clinic  of 
diseases  of  the  ear,  2.  C.  Fliigge  gives  a  number  of  theoreti- 
cal and  practical  courses  on  medical  and  physiological  chem- 
istry. 

GREIFSWALD. 

Regular  Professors. — J.  Budge :  human  anatomy,  4  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  anatomical  dissecting,  24  ;  organs  of  sense,  1 ; 
in  summer  sem.,  selected  subjects  in  anatomy,  1.  H.  C.  A. 
Pernice  :  gynecological  clinic,  6  ;  gynecology,  2  ;  in  winter 
sem.,  obstetrical  operative  course  on  the  phantom,  1  ;  in  sum- 
mer sem.,  theoretical  obstetrics,  3.  F.  Grohe  :  tumors,  1  ; 
pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter,  special  in  sum- 
mer sem.),  4  ;  practical  course  in  pathological  anatomy,  6.  F. 
Mosler  :  medical  clinic,  8  ;  physical  examination  and  diag- 
nosis, 3  ;  in  winter  sem.,  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  3  ; 
diseases  of  larynx,  1.  C.  Hiiter :  surgical  clinic,  8  ;  general 
surgery,  3  ;  in  winter  sem.,  operations  on  the  head,  2  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  surgical  operative  course  on  the  cadaver,  6  ; 
operative  (aciurgie)  surgery,  3.  L.  Landois  :  experimental 
physiology,  5  ;  exercises  in  physiology  and  histology  in  the 
physiological  laboratory,  daily  ;  in  summer  sem.,  history  of 
reproduction  and  embryology,  3  ;  practical  and  demonstrative 
course  in  physiology,  4.  R.  Schirmer :  clinic  of  diseases 
of  the  eye,  8  ;  in  winter  sem.,  ophthalmoscopic  course,  2  ; 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  71 

practical  course  on  operations  of  the  eye,  2  ;  selected  sub- 
jects in  diseases  of  the  eye,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  diseases  of 
the  eye,  5  ;  optical  defects  in  the  eye,  1.  A.  Eulenburg  :  in 
winter  sem.,  materia  medica,  5  ;  selected  subjects  in  nervous 
diseases,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  prescription  writing,  2  ;  electro- 
therapeutics, 2  ;  alkaline  medicines,  1. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — C.  Eichstedt :  syphilis,  with  de- 
monstrations,  2  ;  diseases  of  skin,  with  demonstrations,  2 
operative  obstetrics  on  the  phantom,  1.     W.  Haeckermann 
public  hygiene,   2  ;    medical  jurisprudence,   3.      K.   Arndt 
clioic  of  insanity,  4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  abnormal  constitutions 
of  men,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  encyclopaedic  view  and  methods 
of  medicine,   2  ;  neurasthenia,  1.     P.  Vogt :  special  surgery, 
4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  orthopaedic  surgery,  1 ;  in  summer  sem., 
diseases  of  the  ears  and  teeth,  1.     P.  Krabler  :  clinic  of  dis- 
eases of  children,  2  ;  in  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  children,  2  ; 
in  summer  sem.,  physical  diagnosis,  3  ;  exercises  in  vaccina- 
tion, 1.    F.  Sonimer  :  histology  and  microscopic  anatomy,  with 
demonstrations,  3  ;  position  of  the  viscera,  1. 

Privat-docents. — A.  Bengelsdorff :  food  and  nourishment,  2. 
M.  Schuller  :  surgical  anatomy,  with  demonstrations,  2  ;  sur- 
gical operations,  2.  F.  v.  Preuschen  :  in  winter  sem.,  theo- 
retical obstetrics,  3  ;  theory  and  practice  of  the  puerperal 
state,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  obstetrical  operations  on  the  phan- 
tom, 2  ;  gynecology,  2.  A.  Budge  :  osteology  and  syndes- 
mology,  2  ;  histology,  2  or  6.  O.  Beumer :  hygiene,  2. 
'Striibing  :  diseases  of  the  larynx  with  practical  exercises  in 
laryngoscopy,  3.  Loebker :  surgical  operations,  1 ;  surgical 
instruments  and  bandaging,  2. 


HALLE. 

Regular  Professors. — L.  Krahmer  :  art  of  prescribing,  2  ;  in 
winter  sem.,  materia  medica,  4  ;  in  summer  sem.,  medical 
jurisprudence,  4.     Th.  Weber :  medical  clinic,   12.     R.   Ols- 


72  A   GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

Lausen  :  in  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  pregnancy,  1  ;  gyneco- 
logical clinic,  6  ;  theoretical  obstetrics,  3  ;  in  summer  sem., 
diseases  of  infancy,  1  ;  lectures  on  gynecology,  6  ;  obstetrical 
operations  on  the  phantom,  3.  Th.  Ackermann  :  work  in  the 
pathological  laboratory,  daily  ;  pathological  anatomy  (general 
part  in  summer,  special  in  winter  sem.),  5  ;  demonstrative 
course  on  pathological  anatomy,  with  autopsies,  6  ;  in  win- 
ter sem.,  sarcoma  and  carcinoma,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  patho- 
logical anatomy  of  the  liver,  1.  H.  "Welcker  :  anatomy  (in 
summer  sem.,  vessels  and  nerves),  6  ;  in  winter  sem.,  an- 
atomical dissecting,  24  ;  in  summer  sem.,  position  of  the 
viscera,  1  ;  history  of  reproduction  and  embryology,  2.  E. 
Yolkmann  :  surgical  clinic,  12  or  9  ;  in  winter  sem.,  frac- 
tures and  dislocations,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  operative  surgery 
on  the  cadaver,  12  ;  orthopedic  surgery,  1.  J.  Bernstein  : 
work  in  physiological  laboratory,  30  ;  experimental  physiol- 
ogy (vegetative  functions  in  winter,  animal  in  summer  sem.), 
5  ;  in  winter  sem.,  general  results  of  experimental  investiga- 
tions, 1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  medical  physics,  1.  A.  Graefe  : 
clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  anomalies  of 
accommodation  and  refraction,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  theory  of 
the  ocular  motions  of  the  eyes,  1.  E.  Hitzig  :  psychiatry  and 
clinic  of  psychiatry,  3  ;  selected  subjects  on  diseases  of  the 
brain,  1.  J.  Eberth  :  exercises  in  histology,  4  ;  histology,  5  ; 
influence  of  minute  organisms  on  the  body,  1. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Schwartze  :  clinic  of  diseases 
of  the  ear,  4  ;  diseases  of  the  ear,  2.  E.  Kohlschiitter  :  exer- 
cises in  medical  diagnosis,  4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  phthisis,  1  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  therapeutics  of  bathing,  2.  E.  Harnack  :  food 
and  nutrition  of  man,  1  ;  physiological  chemistry,  2  ;  exer- 
cises in  examination  of  urine,  2  ;  work  in  chemical  laboratory, 
daily. 

Privat-docents. — Alb.  Jahn  :  review  of  surgery,  6.  L.  Hoi- 
lander  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  teeth  and  mouth,  3  ;  in  winter 
sem.,  lectures  on  diseases  of  teeth  and  mouth,  3  ;  dental  op- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  T3 

erative  course,  6.  Rich.  Pott :  clinic  of  children's  diseases, 
9  ;  in  winter  sent.,  malformations,  1  ;  diseases  of  infants  and 
children,  2  ;  in  summer  sem.,  vaccination,  2.  A.  Seeligm id- 
ler :  clinic  of  diseases  of  nervous  system,  2  ;  electro-therapeu- 
tics and  diagnosis,  2  ;  in  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  nervous 
system,  3.  B.  Solger  :  in  winter  sem.,  anatomy  of  the  organs 
of  sense;  in  summer  sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology,  2. 
A.  Grenzmer  :  in  winter  sem.,  surgical  clinic,  6  ;  diseases  of 
urinary  and  genital  organs,  1  ;  in  summer  sem.,  special  sur- 
gery, 3.  P.  Kraske  :  in  winter  sem.,  general  surgery,  4 ;  in 
summer  sem.,  tumors,  1  ;  diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  2.  B, 
Kiissner  :  diseases  of  the  kidney s,  1  ;  percussion  and  auscul- 
tation, 3  ;  in  winter  sem.,  venereal  diseases  with  practical  de^ 
monstrations  ;  in  summer  sem.,  review  of  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine,  3.  E.  Schwarz  :  tumors  of  female  genitals.  M. 
Oberst :  surgical  clinic,  6  ;  orthopedic  surgery,  L 


JEXA. 

Regular  Professors. — F.  Bied  :  surgical  clinic,  6  ;  surgery, 
3  or  4  ;  in  winter  sem.,  course  on  baudaging,  2  ;  in  summer 
sem.,  practical  course  on  operative  surgery.  B.  S.  Schultze  : 
obstetrical  and  gynecological  clinic,  6  ;  practical  course  on 
operative  obstetrics,  4  ;  gynecological  examination,  2.  W. 
Midler  :  pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter,  special 
in  summer  sem.),  6  ;  autopsy  course  ;  in  summer  sem.,  patho- 
logical histolo^v,  6.  \Y.  Prever :  demonstrations  and  exer- 
cises  in  physiological  laboratory  daily  ;  experimental  physiol- 
ogy, 5  ;  talks  on  physiology,  1  ;  in  winter  sem.,  medical 
chemistry,  4  ;  physiology  of  the  foetus  and  the  infant,  1.  Ms 
J.  Bossbach  :  medical  clinic,  6  ;  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine, 4  ;  course  on  the  laryngoscope  ;  in  winter  sem.,  auscul- 
tation and  percussion  ;  electro-therapeutics.  0.  Hertwig  :  in 
winter  sem.,  anatomy  and  embryology  ;  anatomical  dissecting 
4 


T4  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

daily  ;  in  summer  sero.,  comparative  anatomy,  4  ;  embryol- 
ogy, 2  ;  histology,  2  ;  practical  exercises  in  histology,  4. 

Honorary  Professor. — M.  Seiclel :  in  winter  sem.,  art  of  pre- 
scribing, 2  ;  medical  jurisprudence,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  ma- 
teria medica,  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — P.  Schillbach :  in  winter  sem., 
clinic  of  diseases  of  eye  and  ear,  3  ;  diseases  of  the  eye,  2  ; 
ophthalmoscopic  course ;  in  summer  sem.,  clinic  of  diseases 
of  the  ear,  2  ;  mechanical  surgery  (treatment  of  fractures, 
luxations,  hernia?,  wounds,  etc.),  4.  F.  Siebert :  psychiatry 
with  demonstrations  of  patients,  3  ;  in  summer  sem.,  forensic 
psychiatry,  2.  C.  Fromman  :  in  winter  sem.,  histology,  3  ; 
natural  history  of  human  parasites  ;  in  summer  sem.,  embry- 
ology, 2  ;  histology  of  the  organs  of  sense,  2.  C.  Bardeleben  : 
osteology  and  syndesmology,  6  ;  in  winter  sem.,  topographi- 
cal anatomy,  4  ;  anatomy  of  nerves  and  organs  of  sense,  3  ;  in 
summer  sem.,  embryology,  3.  P.  Furbringer :  clinic  of  cuta- 
neous, syphilitic,  and  children's  diseases,  3  ;  in  winter  sem., 
pathological  chemistry,  1 ;  in  summer  sem.,  auscultation  and 
percussion.  3  ;  medical  jurisprudence,  2.  0.  Kustner  :  ob- 
stetrical operative  course  ;  obstetrical  diagnostic  course  ;  dis- 
eases of  the  puerperal  condition.  H.  Kuhnt :  clinic  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye,  3  ;  operative  course  on  the  eye,  1 ;  examination 
of  the  eye  and  use  of  the  ophthalmoscope,  2  ;  normal  anatomy 
of  the  eye,  1  ;  diseases  of  the  eye,  1. 


KIEL. 

Regular  Professors. — C.  C.  Th.  Litzniann  :  gynecological 
and  obstetrical  clinic,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  operative  obstet- 
rics, 2.  Fr.  Esmarch :  surgical  clinic,  7^.  In  winter  sem., 
treatment  of  wounds,  6  ;  diseases  of  rectum,  1.  In  summer 
sem.,  surgery,  1  ;  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver.  V.  Hen- 
sen  :  experimental  physiology,  6.     In  winter  sem.,  practical 


Medical  students  in  Europe.  75 

courses  in  physiological  chemistry,  6.  In  summer  sem.,  em- 
bryology, 3  ;  practical  course  in  embryology,  2.  A.  Heller  : 
work  in  pathological  laboratory,  daily  ;  demonstrative  course 
in  pathological  anatomy  with  autopsies,  4  ;  pathological  anat- 
omy (general  part  in  winter,  special  in  summer  sem.),  4.  In 
summer  sem.,  practical  course  in  pathological  histology,  4. 
C.  Volckers,  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  2  ;  diseases  of  the 
eye,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  ophthalmoscopic  course.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  practical  course  on  operations  on  the  eye.  W. 
Fleming  :  anatomy,  G  or  4  ;  histology,  3  or  4.  In  winter  sem., 
anatomical  dissecting,  24.  H.  Quincke  :  medical  clinic,  7^. 
In  winter  sem.,  pathology  and  therapeutics  of  diseases  of  the 
lungs,  2  ;  diseases  of  the  heart,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  infec- 
tious diseases,  2. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — J.  Bockendahl :  in  winter  sem., 
medical  jurisprudence,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  hygiene,  3.  G. 
Edlefsen  :  medical  clinic,  G  ;  exercises  in  diagnosis,  2.  In 
winter  sem.,  selected  subjects  in  theory  and  practice,  1 ;  ex- 
ercises in  physical  examination,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases 
of  digestive  organs,  2.  F.  Petersen  :  surgical  clinic,  2  ;  band- 
aging, 2.  In  winter  sem.,  surgery,  4  ;  dislocations,  1.  In 
summer  sem.,  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver,  3  ;  selected 
subjects  in  surgery,  1.  A.  Pansch :  osteology  and  syndes- 
mology,  4.  In  winter  sem.,  surgical  anatomy,  1  ;  topograph- 
ical anatomy  of  the  trunk,  2  ;  practical  anatomical  work,  re- 
view of  anatomy.  F.  A.  Falck  :  materia  medica,  with  demon- 
strations  and  experiments,  3  ;  art  of  prescribing,  2  or  3  ; 
pharmacy  with  demonstrations,  2;  experimental  toxicology,  3; 
work  in  laboratory. 

Primt-docents. — P.  "W.  Jessen  :  in  winter  sem.,  forensic  psy- 
chiatry, 2.  In  summer  sem.,  course  of  nerve-fibres  in  the 
brain  and  the  spinal  cord,  2.  C.  Seeger  :  venereal  diseases, 
2.  C.  Dahnhardt :  selected  subjects  in  nervous  diseases,  1 ; 
practical  exercises  in  electro-therapeutics.  R.  Werth :  in 
winter  sem.,  pathology  and  therapeutics  of  labor,  3  ;  review 


70  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

of  obstetrics  ;  gynecology  with  demonstrations.  In  summer 
sem.,  physiology  of  the  puerperal  state,  2  ;  gynecology,  5. 
G.  Neuber :  surgery,  3.  C.  B.  Rheder :  suicide,  2.  C.  "W. 
Fricke :  diseases  of  teeth,  1  ;  dental  clinic,  3. 


KONIGSBERG. 


Regular  Professors. — "W.  v.  Wittich  :  experimental  physi- 
ology (nervous  part  in  summer  sem.),  4  ;  work  in  the  physi- 
ological laboratory,  daily.  In  winter  sem.,  physiological  anthro- 
pology, 1  ;  physiology  of  the  eye,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  physi- 
ology of  resorption  and  secretion,  1 ;  physiology  of  hearing  and 
of  the  voice  and  speech,  2  ;  R.  Dohrn  :  gynecological  clinic, 
6  ;  obstetrical  clinic,  5.  In  winter  sem.,  theoretical  obstetrics, 
3.  In  summer  sem.,  gynecology,  3.  E.  Neumann:  in  win- 
ter sem.,  tumors,  1  ;  special  pathological  anatomy,  3 ;  work 
in  pathological  laboratory,  daily.  In  summer  sem.,  patholog- 
ical anatomy  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord,  1  ;  pathological 
histology,  3  ;  practical  exercises  in  pathological  histology,  6. 
C.  Sch'uiborn  :  surgical  clinic,  10.  In  winter  sem.,  disloca- 
tions and  fractures,  1  ;  special  surgery,  3.  In  summer  sem., 
orthopaedic  surgery,  1|- ;  surgical  operative  course,  8.  B. 
Naunyn:  medical  clinic,  15.  In  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  the 
brain,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases  of  the  kidney,  1.  J. 
Jacobson  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  5.  In  winter  sem.,  ex- 
amination of  the  eye,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  pathology  of  the 
eye,  2  ;  course  on  operations  on  the  eye,  1.  M.  Jaffe  :  practical 
work  in  the  laboratory  for  medical  chemistry,  daily.  In  winter 
sem.,  materia  medica,  5  ;  therapeutics  of  bathing,  1.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  physiological  and  pathological  chemistry,  5  ;  chemis- 
try of  the  urine,  1.  G.  Schwalbe  :  anatomy  (nervous  system 
in  summer  sem.),  4  ;  anatomical  dissecting,  daily.  In  summer 
sem.,  comparative  anatomy,  4  ;  anatomy  of  organs  of  sense,  2. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Bohn  :  in  winter  sem.,  dis- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    ECEOPE.  77 

eases  of  children,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases  of  skin,  3  ; 
exercises  in  vaccination,  1.  A.  W.  Griinhagen :  practical 
course  in  histology,  Iu  winter  sem.,  medical  physics,  1 ;  his- 
tology and  histochemistry,  3  ;  physiology  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem and  the  employment  of  electricity,  3.  In  summer  sem., 
animal  beat,  1.  S.  Samuel:  in  winter  sem.,  general  pathol- 
ogy, 3.  In  summer  sem.,  general  therapeutics,  3.  S.  Pincus  : 
medical  jurisprudence  with  autopsies,  3.  In  summer  sem., 
hygiene,  1.  E.  Bertbold  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  2  ; 
practical  ophthalmoscopic  course,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  course 
on  operations  on  the  eye,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  exercises  in 
rhinoscopy,  1.  F.  R.  A.  Schneider  :  demonstrative  course  on 
syphilis.  In  winter  sem.,  general  surgery,  2.  In  summer 
sem.,  syphilis,  2.  B.  Benecke  :  in  winter  sem.,  mechanics  of 
the  human  body,  1  ;  topographical  anatomy,  4  ;  ligation  of 
the  arteries  on  the  cadaver,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  selected 
subjects  on  human  anatomy,  2  ;  natural  history  of  the  en- 
tozoa  of  man,  2.  J.  Caspary  :  in  winter  sem.,  history  of  syph- 
ilis, 1  ;  skin  diseases,  illustrated  by  patients.  In  summer 
sem.,  parasitic  diseases  of  skin,  1  ;  syphilis,  2.  E.  Burrow  : 
laryngoscopy  with  demonstration  of  patients,  1  ;  surgical 
clinic,  2.  P.  Baumgarten  :  pathological  anatomy  of  the  in- 
fectious diseases  ;  pathological  histology  of  the  eye  ;  demon- 
strative course  of  pathological  anatomy. 

Primt-docents. — Th.  Petruschky :  hygiene,  1  ;  medical  ju- 
risprudence, with  demonstrations,  2  ;  practical  exercises  in 
medical  jurisprudence.  C.  J.  Seydel :  gynecology,  2.  In 
winter  sem.,  obstetrics  in  its  medico-legal  aspect,  1.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  gynecological  operations,  1.  F.  Meschede  :  gen- 
eral psychiatry  with  demonstrations,  2  ;  clinic  of  psychiatry, 
2.  P.  Albrecht :  practical  course  of  comparative  anatomy,  4  ; 
malformations,  2  ;  anatomy  of  the  blood-vessels,  2.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology,  4;  embryology  of 
vertebrate  animals,  4.  H.  Munster  :  diseases  of  the  puerperal 
state,  1 ;  clinical  examination  of  infants,  1  ;  operative  obstet- 


73  A   GtlDE    TO    AMERICAN 

rics  on  the  phantom,  4.  J.  Schreiber :  practical  exercises  in 
auscultation  and  percussion,  3.  In  winter  sem.,  mechanical 
therapeutics  of  diseases  of  the  internal  organs.  In  summer 
sem.,  theory  and  practice  of  the  digestive  organs,  3.  Th. 
Treitel :  anomalies  of  refraction  and  accommodation,  2  ;  oph- 
thalmoscopic course,  2.  X).  Langendorff :  review  of  physiol- 
ogy, 2  ;  exercises  in  histology,  4.  In  winter  sem.,  physiology 
of  the  brain,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  physiology  of  muscles,  1. 
E.  Falkson  ;  general  surgery,  2. 


MARBURG. 

Regular  Professors. — C.  F.  v.  Heusinger :  history  of  the 
medical  sciences  in  Germany,  1  ;  history  of  medical  litera- 
ture. H.  Nasse  :  in  winter  sem.,  experiments  on  the  organs 
of  sense,  1 ;  nutrition  of  human  body,  4  ;  exercises  in  physiol- 
ogy, microscopy,  and  chemistry,  5.  In  summer  sem.,  func- 
tions of  the  human  body,  1  ;  general  physiology,  2.  W. 
Roser  :  surgical  clinic,  review  of  surgery,  12.  In  winter  sem., 
lectures  on  surgical  operations.  In  summer  sem.,  general 
surgery,  4 ;  practical  course  on  surgical  operations.  F. 
Ahlfeld :  obstetrical  clinic,  4  ;  course  on  operative  obstetrics. 
In  winter  sem.,  abnormalities  of  the  pelvis,  1.  In  summer 
sem.,  review  of  obstetrics,  1.  N.  Lieberkiihn  :  physiology  of 
reproduction  and  embryology,  2  ;  anatomy,  6  ;  anatomical 
dissecting,  30.  In  summer  sem.,  topics  in  anatomy,  1  ;  topo- 
graphical anatomy,  4 ;  exercises  in  histology,  6.  F.  W.  Ben- 
eke  :  pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter  sem.),  4  or 
5.  In  winter  sem.,  pathological  physiology  and  public  hy- 
giene, 6  ;  bathing  and  climate,  1£.  In  summer  sem.,  dis- 
turbances of  nutrition  with  special  reference  to  the  pathology 
of  the  urine,  2  ;  exercises  in  performing  autopsies.  E.  Mann- 
kopff :  medical  clinic,  9  ;  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  4 
or  6  ;  selected  topics  in  clinical  medicine,  1.     H.   Schmidt- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUKOPE.  70 

Pdmpler  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eve,  3| ;  operative  course 
on  the  eye,  2  ;  ophthalmoscoinc  course,  2  ;  the  ophthalmo- 
scope, 1.  R.  Boehm  :  experimental  pharmacy,  1  ;  materia 
medica  and  toxicology,  o  ;  work  in  the  pharmaceutical  labora- 
tory daily.  H.  Cramer  :  clinic  of  psychiatry,  4  ;  forensic  psy- 
chiatry, 2.  E.  Kiilz :  experimental  physiology,  5  ;  physio- 
logical chemistry,  4  ;  practical  exercises  in  physiology,  3. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — G.  Wagener  :  syndesmology,  1 ; 
osteology,  3.  H.  Horstmann  :  epizootics,  1 ;  hygiene,  4  ; 
medical  jurisprudence,  4.  H.  Lachs  :  review  of  obstetrics, 
1 ;  gvnecoloGfv,  3.  M.  Schottelius :  work  in  laboratory  of 
pathological  anatomy,  daily  ;  pathological  anatomy  and  his- 
tology, 4.  In  winter  sem.,  pathological  anatomy  of  urinary 
and  genital  apparatus,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  pathological 
anatomy  of  respiratory  apparatus,  1. 

Pricat-docents. — v.  Hiiter:  review  of  obstetrics,  1  ;  practical 
course  in  operative  obstetrics,  2.  Th.  O.  v.  Heusinger :  in 
winter  sem.,  diseases  of  children,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  dis- 
eases of  skin,  3.  E.  Gasser  :  histology,  4.  In  winter  sem., 
position  of  viscera,  2  ;  review  of  anatomy.  E.  Frerichs : 
practical  course  on  auscultation  and  percussion,  4  ;  micro- 
scopical and  chemical  diagnosis  of  internal  diseases,  2. 


MUNICH. 

Regular  Professors. — F.  X.  v.  Gaeti :  medical  clinic,  G  ;  dis- 
cussions on  clinical  therapeutics,  2.  F.  Ch.  v.  Rothmund  : 
selected  topics  in  surgery,  1.  C.  Th.  v.  Siebold :  zoology,  6. 
F.  Seitz  :  medical  clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  materia  med- 
ica and  art  of  prescribing,  5.  In  summer  sem.,  history  of 
medicine,  4  ;  practical  exercises  in  prescribing,  1.  L.  A. 
Buchner  :  chemical  exercises  in  the  laboratory  of  pharmacy, 
daily  ;  pharmaceutical  chemistry,  5.  In  winter  sem.,  phar- 
macy,   5.      In   summer   sem.,    toxicology   and   medico-legal 


80  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

chemistry,  2.  M.  v.  Pettenkofer  :  hygiene,  5  ;  work  in  la- 
boratory for  hygiene  daily.  W.  F.  C.  v.  Hecker  :  obstetrical 
clinic,  4.  In  winter  seni.,  theoretical  obstetrics,  5  ;  operative 
obstetrical  course,  4.  In  summer  seni.,  gynecology,  3.  J. 
N.  v.  Nussbaum  :  surgical  clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  surgery, 
4  ;  surgical  instruments  and  bandaging.  In  summer  sem., 
operative  surgery,  4  ;  practical  course  on  operative  surgery, 
G.  A.  v.  Rothmund  :  ophthalmic  clinic,  4  ;  ophthalmoscopic 
course,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  diseases  of  the  eye,  3 ;  anomalies 
of  refraction  and  accommodation.  In  summer  sem.,  opera- 
tions on  the  eye.  C.  v.  Voit  :  work  in  physiological  labora- 
toiw  daily  ;  exercises  in  physiological  laboratory,  6  ;  course  on 
2)hysiology,  2  ;  experimental  physiology,  6.  H.  v.  Ziemssen : 
medical  clinic,  6  ;  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  5  ;  clinical 
semiology,  2  ;  work  in  clinical  institute  daily.  In  summer 
sem.,  electro-diagnosis  and  therapeutics.  C.  Kupffer :  em- 
bryology,  5  ;  histology,  4  ;  practical  exercises  in  histology 
and  embryology,  42  ;  anatomical  semiology,  2.  B.  v.  Gud- 
den :  clinic  of  psychiatry,  4.  N.  Budinger :  anatomy  (in 
summer  sem.,  on  nervous  system  and  organs  of  sense),  5.  In 
winter  sem.,  anatomical  dissecting,  34.  In  summer  sem., 
topographical  surgical  anatomy,  5  ;  anatomical  semiology,  2. 
O.  Bollinger :  work  in  laboratory  of  pathological  anatomy, 
daily  ;  practical  course  in  pathological  anatomy  with  autop- 
sies, 6  ;  pathological  anatomy  (general  part  in  winter,  special 
in  summer  sem.),  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Banke  :  clinic  of  children's 
diseases,  6.  J.  Aman :  gynecological  clinic,  3.  In  winter 
sem.,  gynecology,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  practical  course  on 
operative  obstetrics  on  the  phantom,  3.  A.  Martin  :  medical 
jurisprudence,  4  ;  hygiene,  3  ;  practical  course  on  medical 
jurisprudence.  J.  Oertel  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  larynx,  2  ; 
practical  course  in  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy,  2.  H.  V. 
Boeck  :  in  winter  sem.,  materia  medica  and  art  of  prescribing, 
with  practical  exercises,  5.     In  summer  sem.,  pharmacy,  2  ; 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  81 

toxicology,   2.     J.   Bauer  :  medical    clinic,  5  ;  physical  diag- 
nosis, 2  ;  work  in  clinical  institute. 

Honorary  Professor. — A.  Hauner  :  clinic  of  children's  dis- 
eases, 6  ;  lectures  on  children's  diseases.  G.  v.  Koch  :  dis- 
eases of  mouth  and  teeth. 

Privat-docents. — D.  Hofer  :  veterinary  medical  jurisprudence 
and  hygiene.  J.  "Wolfsteiner  :  epidemics,  2.  W.  Brattler, 
hydro-therapeutics,  2.  J.  Kanke  :  in  winter  sera.,  anthropol- 
ogy and  ethnography,  4  ;  medical  physics,  2  ;  practical  course 
in  medical  physics,  2  ;  work  in  laboratory.  In  summer  sem., 
general  natural  history,  4  ;  course  on  anthropometry,  with 
special  reference  to  craniotomy  work  in  laboratory.  C.  Pos- 
selt :  clinic  of  syphilis  and  diseases  of  skin,  2  ;  in  winter 
sem.,  syphilis,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases  of  skin,  2.  Ph. 
Schech  :  theory  and  practice  of  diseases  of  larynx,  with  clinic 
and  practical  exercises  in  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy,  2. 
F.  Schweninger  :  hernias  ;  surgical  instruments  and  bandag- 
ing ;  special  topics  in  surgery.  H.  Tappeiner  :  physiological 
chemistry,  2  ;  work  in  laboratory  of  pathological  anatomy. 
F.  Bezold  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  ear,  2.  H.  Bonnet,  histology, 
3  ;  practical  exercises  in  histology.  H.  Helferich  :  surgical 
clinic,  G  ;  surgery,  3.  F.  Ptenk  :  practical  course  on  hygiene, 
8.  J.  X.  Oeller  :  ophthalmoscopic  course,  3  ;  operations  on 
the  eye,  3.  O.  Messner  :  surgical  clinic,  3  ;  bandaging,  1. 
H.  Buchner  :  the  minute  organisms  in  their  relation  to  hy- 
giene. S.  Ganser  :  theory  and  practice  of  psychical  diseases, 
2  ;  anatomy  of  the  central  nervous  system  of  man,  1.  W.  Her- 
zog :  bandaging,  including  a  review  of  fractures  and  disloca- 
tions, 2. 


ROSTOCK. 

Regular   Professors. — Th.    Thierfelder  :  medical    clinic,   5  ; 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  3.     H.  R.  Aubert  :  physiol- 
ogy (vegetative  functions  in  summer  sem.),  G  ;  physiological 
4* 


82  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

exercises,  6  ;  encyclopaedic  view  and  methods  of  the  medical 
sciences,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  reproduction  and  embryology,  2. 
W.  V.  Zehender  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  4J  ;  diseases 
of  the  eye,  3.  In  winter  sem.,  practical  ophthalmoscopic 
course.  In  summer  sem.,  practical  course  on  operations  of 
the  eye.  F.  Schatz  :  gynecological  clinic,  5.  In  winter  sem., 
gynecology,  3  ;  medical  jurisprudence,  3.  In  summer  sem., 
obstetrics,  3  ;  obstetrical  operations  on  the  phantom,  3.  F. 
S.  Merkel  :  systematic  anatomy,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  anatom- 
ical dissecting,  6.  In  summer  sem.,  topographical  anatomy, 
3  ;  general  histology,  with  practical  exercises,  4.  A.  Thier- 
felder  :  pathological  anatomy,  6 ;  demonstrative  course  in 
pathological  anatomy  and  histology,  with  autopsies,  6  ;  work 
in  laboratory  of  pathological  anatomy  daily.  O.  Nasse  :  phar- 
macy, 4  ;  work  in  laboratory  of  pharmacy  daily.  In  summer 
sem.,  foods,  2.  O.  W.  Madelung :  surgical  clinic,  3  ;  general 
surgery,  12.     In  summer  sem.,  operative  surgery,  17^. 

Extraordinary  Professor. — J.  Uffelinann :  diseases  of  chil- 
dren, 4  ;  dietetics,  2  ;  hygiene. 

Privat-docents. — W.  Brummerstadt :  in  winter  sem.,  oper- 
ative obstetrics,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  gynecology,  3.  P. 
Sckiffer decker  :  in  winter  sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology, 
3  ;  histology,  with  practical  exercises,  4  ;  anthropology,  1.  In 
summer  sem.,  practical  exercises  in  embryology,  5.  F.  Neel- 
son  :  review  of  pathological  anatomy.  Th.  Gies  :  fractures 
aud  dislocations,  2. 


TUBINGEN. 

Regular  Professors. — V.  v.  Bruns  :  surgical  clinic,  10.  K. 
v.  Yierordt  :  physiology  (vegetative  functions  in  summer 
sem. ),  5  ;  work  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily.  J.  v.  Sax- 
inger  :  obstetrical  clinic,  4  ;  operative  obstetrics,  2.  In  winter 
sem.,  theoretical  obstetrics,  5.     In  summer  sem.,  gynecolog- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  83 

ical  clinic,  2.  C.  v.  Liebermeister  :  medical  clinic,  5  ;  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  (in  summer  sein.,  infectious  diseases 
and  diseases  of  skin),  5.  Th.  Jiirgensen  :  medical  clinic,  5. 
In  winter  Bern.,  diseases  of  children,  2.  In  summer  sein., 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  o  ;  A.  Xagel :  clinic  of 
diseases  of  the  eve,  with  systematic  lectures,  5.  In  winter 
sem.,  operations  on  the  eye,  2.  In  summer  Bern.,  ophthalmo- 
scopic course,  2.  Ph.  W.  J.  Henke,  systematic  anatomy,  G. 
In  winter  sein.,  anatomical  dissecting,  G  ;  physical  anthropol- 
ogy, 2.  In  summer  sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology,  3. 
E.  Ziegler  :  pathological  anatomy,  5  ;  work  in  pathological 
laboratory,  daily  ;  demonstrative  course  in  pathological  anat- 
omy, with  autopsies,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  practical  exercises 
in  pathological  histology,  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — 0.  Oesterlen  :  hygiene,  2  ;  med- 
ical jurisprudence,  2.  P.  Bruns :  in  winter  sem.,  fractures 
and  dislocations,  3 ;  bandaging,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  course 
on  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy  ;  surgical  operative  course 
on  the  cadaver,  1  ;  special  surgery,  5. 

Privat-docenfc. — Froriep  :  practical  course  in  histology,  4. 
In  winter  sem.,  osteology  and  syndesmology,  3.  In  summer 
sem.,  ernbrvolo£T,  2  ;  histology,  0.  Schleich  :  anomalies  of 
refraction  and  accommodation,  2  ;  review  of  diseases  of  the 
eye.  K.  Vierordt  :  auscultation  and  percussion,  2  ;  practical 
exercises  in  method  of  medical  examination,  2. 

Assistant. — Dr.  Hauff:  obstetrical  and  gynecological  ex- 
amination, 2. 


WUEZBTJEG. 


JRegular  Professors. — F.  v.  Einecker  :  clinic  of  psychiatry,  3  ; 
clinic  of  syphilis  and  diseases  of  skin,  3  ;  diseases  of  skin,  2. 
A.  v.  Kolliker  :  systematic  anatomy,  7  ;  work  in  the  laboratory 
for  microscopy,  embryology,  and  comparative  anatomy,  daily. 
In  winter  sem.,  anatomical  dissecting  ;  practical  course  on  his- 


84  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

tology,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  embryology,  4.  F.  W.  Scanzoni 
v.  Lichtenfels  :  obstetrical  and  gynecological  clinic,  5  ;  prac- 
tical exercises  in  gynecological  examination,  2.  In  winter 
sem.,  operative  obstetrics,  3.  A.  Fick  :  physiology  (vegeta- 
tive functions  in  the  winter,  animal  in  the  summer  sem.),  5  ; 
work  in  the  physiological  laboratory,  daily  ;  physiological 
demonstrations,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  work  and  heat  of  muscles, 
1.  C.  J.  Gerhardt :  medical  clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  5.  In  summer  sem.,  hydro-thera- 
peutics, 2.  G.  E.  Rindfleisch  :  work  in  laboratory  of  patho- 
logical anatomy,  daily  ;  pathological  anatomy,  5.  In  winter 
sem.,  practical  course  in  pathological  histology  and  medical 
chemistry,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  demonstrative  course  on 
pathological  anatomy  with  autopsies,  6.  A.  Geigel :  clinic 
of  children's  diseases,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  hygiene,  2.  W. 
Mass  :  surgical  clinic,  6  ;  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver, 
8  or  10.  J.  Michel :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eve,  4.  In 
winter  sem.,  practical  course  on  examination  of  the  eye,  4  ; 
relation  of  diseases  of  the  eye  to  other  diseases,  1.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  diseases  of  the  eye,  3  ;  operations  on  the  eye,  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — A.  F.  v.  Troltsch:  theory  and 
practice  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  with  practical  exercises,  3.  W. 
Reubold  :  medical  jurisprudence,  with  autopsies,  2. 

Privat-docents. — J.  N.  Schmidt  :  in  winter  sem.,  theoretical 
obstetrics,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  operative  obstetrics.  F.  Hel- 
freich :  practical  course  in  ophthalmoscopy,  2.  In  winter  sem., 
operations  on  the  eye.  A.  Stuhr  :  review  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  5  ;  therapeutics  of  dietetics,  2.  F.  Ried- 
inger  :  surgery,  5  ;  clinical  course  on  surgical  diagnosis,  3. 
In  winter  sem.,  fractures  and  dislocations,  3  ;  bandaging,  4. 
A.  Kunkel :  laboratory  course  on  medical  chemical  analysis, 
daily.  In  winter  sem.,  medical  chemistry,  2 ;  methods  of 
hygienic  investigation,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  food  and  nutri- 
tion, 1.  A.  Rosenberger  :  surgical  operations  with  anatomi- 
cal  demonstrations,   4  ;   practical   course  on  bandaging,   2. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  85 

G.  Matterstock  :  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  5  ;  practical 
course  on  clinical  examination,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  practical 
exercises  in  art  of  prescribing,  2  ;  children's  diseases.  W. 
Nieberding  :  theoretical  obstetrics,  4  ;  hydro  therapeutics 
with  reference  to  gynecology,  3  ;  selected  topics  in  operative 
gynecology,  1.  M.  Flesh  :  in  winter  sem.,  osteology  and 
syndesmology,  5  ;  selected  topics  in  anthropology,  1.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  topographical  surgical  anatomy,  3  ;  anatomy  of 
organs  of  sense,  3.  Ph.  Stohr  :  histology,  4.  J.  Gad  :  phy- 
siology of  nervous  system,  2.  W.  Kirchner  :  practical  course 
on  diseases  of  ear,  2  ;  diseases  of  external  auditory  passage,  1. 


EXAMINATION  AND   GRADUATION. 

The  great  majority  of  the  American  medical  students  who 
go  to  Europe  to  study,  do  so  merely  to  perfect  themselves  in 
some  special  branches  and  with  no  idea  of  obtaining  a  foreign 
diploma.  A  few  students,  however,  go  abroad,  without  having 
obtained  a  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  in  this  country,  with 
the  intention  of  entering  some  university  and  of  passing 
through  the  regular  course  of  medical  study  in  it  and  of  ob- 
taining  their  degree  from  it.  The  course  of  medical  study  in 
a  German  university  is  undoubtedly  more  thorough  and  com- 
plete than  in  America,  but  the  difficulty  in  acquiring  a  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  language,  and  the  difference  between 
the  German  and  American  forms  of  disease  and  ways  of  treat- 
ment, makes  it  unwise  for  an  American,  except  in  very  excep- 
tional cases,  to  go  through  the  complete  course  of  medical 
study  in  Germany  or  France.  For  those  students  who  wish 
to  obtain  a  foreign  diploma  a  brief  account  of  the  require- 
ments and  the  methods  of  examination  is  given. 

There  are  two  medical  diplomas  given  in  Germany,  one  by 
the  state  and  the  other  by  the  university,  and  eaeh  has  its 


S6  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

separate  examinations  and  requirements  ;  the  former  being 
the  more  difficult  of  the  two.  The  state  recognizes  only 
those  doctors  who  have  passed  its  examination.  They  alone 
have  a  license  to  practise  and  they  alone  can  receive  appoint- 
ments to  an}'  medical  office.  Those  doctors  who  have  only 
passed  the  university  examination  can  hold  no  appointment, 
and  cannot  insist  on  the  payment  of  their  fees  from  their 
patients.  Any  person  who  chooses,  with  or  without  a  degree, 
can  practise  medicine  in  Germany,  but  he  does  so  at  his  peril, 
and  if  he  makes  any  mistake,  he  is  punished  both  by  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

The  following  requirements,  which  are  necessary  if  a  person 
wishes  to  take  the  whole  series  of  degrees  which  are  taken  by 
most  of  the  "German  students,  have  been  found  in  "  The 
Academical  Plan  of  Studies  for  Medical  Students,"  published 
in  Jena,  1881. 

The  student  who  wishes  to  educate  himself  for  the  medical 
profession,  must  devote  eight  semesters  to  medical  study,  and 
must  previously  have  passed  through  the  gymnasium  (high 
school).  The  first  four  semesters  must  be  devoted  exclusively 
to  physics,  chemistry,  zoology,  botany,  mineralogy,  anatomy, 
and  physiology.  At  the  end  of  these  four  semesters  the  student 
may  pass  his  first  examination  (Tentamen  physicum).  With 
the  fifth  semester  commences  his  purely  medical  studies,  which 
must  be  continued  without  interruption  for  two  years,  and 
then  the  student  may  pass  the  State  examination  (Das  medi- 
cinische  Staatsexamen  d.h.  die  lirztliche  Approbationspriifung). 
The  University  examination  (Doctor  examine)  can  be  passed 
either  after  or  before  the  State  examination. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  studies  recommended  and  the 
number  of  semesters  during  which  each  one  should  be  studied, 
and  also  the  proper  semester  in  which  each  should  be 
studied.  The  first  column  shows  the  number  of  semesters 
during  which  the  study  must  be  continued  ;  the  last  column 
shows  the  semesters  in  which  it  should  be  studied. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE. 


87 


2 


PREPARATORY    SCIENTIFIC    STUDIES. 

Semester. 

Experimental  Physics,  1st  and  2d 

Experimental  Chemistry,  1st  or  2d 

Mineralogy,  1st  or  2d 

Botany,  1st  or  2d 

Zoology,  1st  or  2d 

Organic  Chemistry,  2d  or  3d 

Chemical  Exercises  (qualitative  analysis),  2d  or  3d 

Chemical  Exercises  (quantitative  analysis),  3d  or  4th 


1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


lor  2 

1  or  2 
1  or  2 
1 
1 
lor  2 


MEDICAL   STUDIES. 

Anatomy. 

Osteology  and  Syndesmology,  1st 

General  Anatomy  of  Man,  1st  to  4th 

Anatomical  Dissection,  1st  to  4th 

Tissues,  1st  to  3d 

Histology,  2d  to  4th 

Comparative  Anatomy,  2d  to  4th 

Embryology,  2d  to  4th 

Topographical  Anatomy,  3d  to  6th 

PJiysiology. 

General  Physiology,  2d  or  3d 

Experimental  Physiology,  (1st  part)  2d  or  3d 

Experimental  Physiology,  (2d  part)  3d  or  4th 

Physiological  Demonstrations  and  Exercises,  3d  to  8th 

Medical  Chemistry,  3d  to  8th 

Medical  Physics,  2d  or  3d 

Physiological  Conference,  3d  to  8th 


1 

1  or  2 

1  or  2 


o 

o 

1  or  2 


'Pathological  Anatomy. 

General  Pathology  and  Pathological  Anatomy, 
Special  Pathological  Anatomy,  1st  part, 

(Including  Pathological  Histology) 
Special  Pathological  Anatomy,  2d  part, 

(Including  Pathological  Histology) 
Autopsies 
Practical  work  in  Pathological  Histology, 


5th  or  6th 
5th  or  Gth 

6th  or  7th 

6th  to  8th 
7th  or  8th 


88  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Internal  Medicine. 

Semester. 

2  Auscultation  and  Percussion,  5th  to  ?th 
1                  Materia  Medica,  5th  or  6ih 

1  Therapeutics,  5th  or  6th 

3  or  4  Medical  Clinic  and  Polyclinic,  5th  to  Sth 
3  or  4          Special  Pathology  and  Therapeutics,  Sth  to  Sth 

2  Diseases  of  Children  and  Children's  Clinic,  7th  and  Sth 
1  Laryngoscopic  Course,  7th  or  Sth 
1  Electro-therapeutic  Course,  7th  to  Sth 
1                  Insanity,  7th  to  Sth 

1  Clinic  of  Insanity. 

Surgery. 

2  Surgery,  5th  and  6th 

2  or  3  Instruction  in  Operations,  Instruments,  and 

Bandaging,  6th  to  Sth 

3  Surgical  Clinic  and  Polyclinic,  5th  to  Sth 
2                  Surgical  Operative  Course,  7th  and  Sth 

1  Course  in  Bandaging,  6th  or  7th 

2  Diseases  of  the  Eyes.  7th  and  Sth 

Obstetrics. 

1                  Obstetrics,  Sth  or  6th 

3  Obstetrical  and  Gvnecolosrical  Clinic  and 

v  O 

Polyclinic,  6th  to  Sth 

1                  Practice  in  Gynecological  Examination,  Sth  or  6th 

1  or  2          Obstetrical  Operations,  7th  and  S;h 

1                  Diseases  of  "Women,  6th  or  7th 

1                  Medical  Jurisprudence,  7th  or  Sth 

1                  State  Medicine,  7th  or  Sth 

1                   Hygiene,  7th  or  Sth 

1                  History  of  Medicine,  7th  or  Sth 

The  schedule  above  given  is  merely  recommended  and  is 
not  at  all  compulsory.  A  very  similar  plan  of  study  is  recom- 
mended by  the  University  of  Berlin. 

The  state  examination  can  be  passed  either  before    the 

chief  examining  committee  in  Berlin,  or  before  special  ex- 
amining committees  which  are  annually  appointed  for  the  dif- 
ferent universities!     The  application  for  permission  to  pass 


MEDICAL   STUDENTS   IN    EUROPE.  89 

the  state  examination  is  to  be  made  either  to  the  Minister  of 
Medical  Affairs  in  Berlin,  or  to  the  curator  of  the  university 
at  which  the  student  wishes  to  pass  the  examination.  The 
application  is  to  be  accompanied  by  certificates  that  the  stu- 
dent has  completed  a  full  course  of  study  in  the  gymnasium 
and  in  a  university,  that  he  has  successfully  passed  the  ten- 
tamen  physicum,  and  that  he  has  acted  as  practicant  during 
at  least  two  semesters  both  in  a  medical  and  in  a  surgical 
clinic,  and  that  he  has  attended  at  least  four  cases  of  mid- 
wifery in  the  obstetrical  clinic. 

The  examinations  are  held  at  anv  date  between  November 
of  one  vear  and  Julv  of  the  next,  and  the  examination  of  each 
student  extends  over  manv  days,  and  is  divided  into  five 
parts  :  1,  Anatomy,  physiology,  and  pathological  anatomy  ; 
2,  surgery  and  ophthalmology  ;  3,  medical ;  4,  obstetrical 
and  gynecological  ;  5,  final  examination. 

The  examination  in  anatomy  is  divided  into  two  parts.  At 
the  first  the  candidate  draws  by  lot  a  question  in  osteology 
and  another  about  the  viscera,  and  he  must  immediately  de- 
monstrate the  corresponding  preparation  which  is  handed  to 
him.  He  is  then  given  some  nervous  preparation  which  he 
must  take  away  and  dissect  and  demonstrate  before  the  ex- 
aminers at  their  second  meeting. 

In  the  physiological  examination  the  candidate  must  draw 
by  lot  two  questions,  one  on  histology,  the  other  on  physiol- 
ogy, and  immediately  discuss  them  (orally)  ;  he  must  prepare 
and  demonstrate  the  histological  specimen  in  the  presence  of 
the  examiners,  so  as  to  show  his  acquaintance  with  the  micro- 
scope. 

In  the  pathological  examination  the  candidate  must  make 
an  autopsy  of  the  whole,  or  at  least  a  part,  of  the  body,  and 
dictate  the  results.  He  must  also  demonstrate  a  pathological 
specimen. 

In  the  surgical  examination  each  candidate  must  take 
charge  of  two  patients  for  a  week.     In  the  presence  of  the 


00  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

examiner  he  must  examine  the  patient  and  discuss  the  etiol- 
ogy, diagnosis,  prognosis,  and  treatment.  He  must  write  out 
a  history  of  the  case  and  keep  a  record  of  it  each  day.  The 
candidate  must  also  attend  the  regular  morning  visits  at  least 
three  times  during  this  week  and  have  questions  about  other 
cases  put  to  him.  At  another  time  he  is  given  a  question 
about  some  operation,  and  must  give  an  account  of  the 
operation  and  instruments  employed  and  then  perform  the 
operation  on  the  cadaver.  .  He  must  answer  in  the  same  way 
another  question  on  luxations. 

In  the  ophthalmic  examination  he  must  examine  a  patient 
with  disease  of  the  eye  as  above  described  in  surgery. 

The  medical  examination  is  conducted  in  exactly  the  same 
way  as  was  described  in  the  surgical  examination.  In  ad- 
dition, sj)ecial  attention  is  paid  to  the  doses  of  medicine  and 
to  the  writing  of  prescriptions. 

In  the  obstetrical  examination  he  is  shown  a  woman  in 
labor  and  must  make  the  diagnosis  of  the  period  of  labor,  the 
position  of  the  child,  and  the  prognosis,  and  must  conduct 
the  labor.  He  must  then  write  out  a  historv  of  the  birth.  In 
addition,  during  seven  days  he  must  examine  a  number  of  ob- 
stetrical and  gynecological  cases  and  discuss  them.  He  must 
also  perform  operations  on  the  phantom. 

Finally  he  is  subjected  to  a  final  oral  examination  to  test 
his  general  medical  knowledge.  The  cost  of  the  examination 
is  $51.  The  time  between  the  different  examinations  should 
not  exceed  eipdit  davs. 

The  above  examinations  are  passed  by  most  of  the  German 
doctors,  but  it  is  of  no  use  to  Americans  to  pass  them,  and 
the  Americans  who  take  their  degree  abroad  for  the  most  part 
confine  themselves  to  passing  the  university  examination, 
which  the  regular  German  medical  student  usually  passes  be- 
fore the  state  examination,  though  he  may  pass  it  after  the 
latter.  Indeed  it  is  quite  difficult  for  the  American  student 
to  get  permission  to  pass  the  state  examination,  for  although 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE.  91 

the  authorities  will  usually  accept  a  degree  from  some  of  our 
medical  colleges  as  equivalent  to  a  course  in  a  German  gym- 
nasium, yet  they  do  so  only  after  much  hesitation  and  delay, 
and  sometimes  they  will  not  accept  it  at  all.  No  obstacles 
are  put  in  the  way  of  foreigners  passing  the  university  exam- 
ination. 

In  order  to  pass  the  university  examination  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  have  passed  the  tentamen  physicum. 

The  application  for  permission  to  pass  the  university  ex- 
amination must  be  made  to  the  dean  of  the  medical  faculty, 
and  must  be  accompanied  by  certificates  that  the  candidate 
has  studied  at  least  six,  in  some  universities  eight  semesters, 
a  certificate  of  good  character  from  the  police,  and  a  thesis 
on  some  medical  subject,  and  $106.  In  some  universities  the 
dean  gives  the  candidate  a  preliminary  examination  to  see  if 
he  is  sufficiently  well  prepared,  but  in  most  universities  this 
is  not  the  custom.  If  the  thesis  be  satisfactory  to  the  pro- 
fessors then  the  candidate  is  allowed  to  come  up  for  examina- 
tion. The  examination  is  an  oral  one,  and  is  held  in  anatomv, 
physiology,  general  pathology,  and  pathological  anatomy, 
special  pathology  and  therapeutics,  surgery,  midwifery,  and 
gynecology.  After  the  examination  the  candidate  hands  in 
his  dissertation.  It  is  the  custom  for  the  candidate  to  pre- 
sent himself  for  examination  in  a  dress  suit,  and  it  is  consid- 
ered the  proper  thing  on  the  afternoon  before  his  examination 
to  call,  in  dress  suit,  on  all  his  professors  and  instructors  and 
invite  them  to  be  present  at  his  examination. 

The  university  examination  varies  a  little  in  different  uni- 
versities ;  in  Berlin  it  is  hard,  in  Heidelberg  it  is  rather  easier. 
The  examination  is  held  before  six  regular  professors,  and 
each  examiner  examines  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 
The  dissertation  is  sometimes  discussed  in  public,  but  more 
frequently  not ;  when  it  is  discussed  in  public  it  is  merely  a 
matter  of  form. 


92  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 


SWITZERLAND. 

BASEL. 

Regular  Professors. — F.  Miescher,  Sr.  :  selected  topics  in 
pathological  anatomy,  2.  L.  Rutimeyer :  in  winter  sem., 
natural  history  of  the  vertebrates,  6 ;  selected  topics  in  pale- 
ontology, 1.  In  summer  sem.,  anatomy  and  zoology  of  the 
invertebrates,  6  ;  review  of  comparative  anatomy  and  natural 
history.  A.  Socin  :  surgical  clinic,  1^.  In  winter  sem.,  gen- 
eral surgery,  5.  In  summer  sem.,  surgical  operations,  8 ;  sur- 
gical society,  1.  H.  Immermann :  medical  clinic,  7^.  In 
winter  sem.,  acute  infectious  diseases,  3  ;  general  disturb- 
ances of  nutrition,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  venereal  affections 
and  syphilis,  "S  ;  theoretical-practical  medical  clinic,  2  ;  medi- 
cal society,  1.  J.  J.  Bischoff :  obstetrical  and  gynecological 
clinic,  3.  In  winter  sem.,  obstetrical  oj:>erations,  2  ;  gynecol- 
ogy, 2.  In  summer  sem.,  obstetrics,  4  F.  Miescher,  Jr.  : 
physiology,  5  ;  physiological  chemistry,  2  ;  physiological  so- 
ciety, with  practical  work,  2.  M.  Roth  :  pathological  anatomy 
(general  part  in  winter  sem.),  5  ;  demonstrative  course  on 
pathological  anatomy  with  autopsies,  4.  In  summer  sem., 
practical  course  in  pathological  histology,  4.  L.  Wille  :  clinic 
of  psychiatry,  2  ;  theoretical  psychiatry,  2.  In  winter  sem., 
forensic  psychiatry,  2.  H.  Schiess  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the 
eye,  6 ;  diseases  of  the  eye,  3.  J.  Kollmann  :  systematic 
anatomy  (nervous  system  and  organs  of  sense  in  summer 
sem.),  6.  In  winter  sem.,  anatomical  dissecting,  48  ;  position 
of  viscera,  1.     In  summer  sem.,  embryology,  3  ;  histology,  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — J.  Hoppe  :  action  of  drugs,  3; 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  93 

dietetics,  3.  In  winter  sera.,  general  therapeutics,  3.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  experiments  on  the  action  of  drugs,  3  ;  physiologi- 
cal theories  of  the  action  of  the  human  brain.  E.  Hagenbach- 
Burckhardt :  clinic  of  diseases  of  children,  2  ;  diseases  of 
children,  2.  B.  Massini :  medical  clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem., 
materia  medica,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  therapeutics,  4.  Buck- 
hardt-Merian  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  2  ;  diseases  of  the 
ear,  2. 

Pricat-docents. — L.  De  "Wette  :  medical  jurisprudence,  2. 
F.  Gottesheiui  :  hygiene,  2.  B.  Fiechter,  in  winter  sem.,  in- 
fectious diseases,  3 ;  theory  and  practice  of  fevers,  2.  In 
summer  sem.,  diseases  of  respiratory  organs,  2  ;  review  of 
medicine,  2.  L.  Courvoisier  :  surgery,  3.  E.  v.  Sury  :  medi- 
cal jurisprudence,  2 ;  important  poisons,  1.  A.  Gunner ; 
obstetrical  diagnosis,  review  of  obstetrics  or  gynecology,  2. 

Assistants. — E.  Buckhardt :  surgical  instruments  aud  band- 
aging. Alb.  Hofrman  and  E.  Bauch  :  surgical  instruments 
and  bandaging.  M.  KrOmer  :  practical  course  on  diseases  of 
the  eye. 


BERN. 

Begidar  Professors. — G.  Valentin  :  histology  of  the  animal 
and  vegetable  tissues,  4 ;  physiology,  4  ;  physiological  exer- 
cises, 4.  C.  Emmert :  medical  jurisprudence,  7  ;  hygiene,  2  ; 
special  topics  in  surgery,  2.  Chr.  Aeby  :  in  winter  sem.,  sys- 
tematic anatomy  of  man,  12  ;  histology,  3  ;  anatomical  dis- 
secting, 60  ;  review  of  anatomy,  12.  In  summer  sem.,  sys- 
tematic anatomy,  5  ;  comparative  anatomy,  6  ;  topographical 
anatomy,  5  ;  practical  course  in  histology,  4  ;  review  of  anat- 
omy, 2.  Th.  Kocher :  surgical  clinic,  9  or  15  ;  surgery,  2. 
In  summer  sem.,  operative  surgery,  6.  Th.  Langhaus  :  gen- 
eral pathological  anatomy,  4^- ;  parasites,'  1  ;  pathological 
histology,  4  ;  autopsies,  6  or  10.  P.  Miiller :  obstetrical  and 
gynaecological  clinic,  9  ;  exercises  in  diagnosis,  3.    In  summer 


94:  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

sem.,  practical  course  on  operative  obstetrics  on  the  phantom, 
6.  A.  Yogt :  scientific  hygiene,  6  ;  hygienic  excursions,  1  ; 
small-pox  and  vaccination,  1.  M.  v.  Nencki :  physiological 
chemistry,  4  ;  practical  work  in  the  chemical  laboratory,  60. 
L.  Lichthein  :  medical  clinic,  9  ;  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine, 3.  E.  Pfl iiger  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  6  ;  diseases 
of  the  eye,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  ophthalmoscopic  course,  2.  In 
summer  sem.,  operations  on  the  eye,  4.  B.  Luchsinger : 
materia  medica,  3  ;  toxicology,  1  ;  physiological  and  pharma- 
ceutical work  in  laboratory,  daily  ;  selected  topics  in  physiol- 
ogy- 

Extraordinary  Professors. — E.  Scharer :  psychiatry,  with 
clinical  demonstrations,  2.  R.  Demme :  clinic  of  diseases  of 
children,  with  practical  exercises,  2  ;  diseases  of  children,  2  ; 
nourishment  of  infants,  1.  P.  Griitzner :  physiology,  6 ; 
work  in  physiological  laboratory,  daily.  In  summer  sem., 
physiology  of  reproduction  and  embryology,  2. 

Honorary  Professor. — D.  Jonquiere  :  in  winter  sem.,  history 
of  medicine,  4 ;  hydro-therapeutics  and  climate,  2.  In  sum- 
mer sem.,  materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  3. 

Privat-docents. — K.  v.  Erlach :  in  winter  sem.,  infectious 
diseases  of  genital  organs  and  syphilis,  2  ;  heredity  in  syph- 
ilis, 1.  In  summer  sem.,  blennorrhea  of  genital  organs,  1 ; 
epiphytes  and  epizoa  in  the  human  body,  2.  F.  Dutoit :  dis- 
eases of  the  ear  with  practical  exercises.  E.  Emmert :  anom- 
alies of  refraction  and  accommodation  and  strabismus,  2  ; 
review  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  ophthal- 
moscopic course,  1^-.  A.  Valentin :  history  of  medicine,  2. 
In  winter  sem.,  materia  medica,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases 
of  the  ear,  nose,  and  larynx.  F.  Conrad :  selected  topics  in 
obstetrics  and  gynecology,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  diseases  of 
infants,  1.  In  summer  sem.,  review  of  obstetrics  and  gyne- 
cology, 2.  Girard  :  surgical  instruments  and  bandaging,  with 
practical  exercises,  2.  P.  Dubois :  review  of  internal  medi- 
cine, 2  ;  introduction  to  the  study  of  larynx,  pharynx,  and  ear, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE.  95 

2.  H.  Albrecht :  diseases  of  children,  2.  K.  Dick :  anomalies 
of  the  pelvis,  2  ;  review  of  obstetrics,  2.  A.  v.  Inns  :  clinic 
of  diseases  of  the  skin,  2.  H.  Bircher  :  selected  topics  in  sur- 
gery, 2. 


ZURICH, 

» 

Regular  Professors. — H.  Frey :  in  winter  scm.,  zoology  of 
the  invertebrates,  4  ;  zoology  of  the  ancient  world,  1 ;  histol- 
ogy, 5  ;  embryology,  3  ;  practical  microscopic  work,  2  ;  work 
in  laboratory,  daily.  In  summer  sera.,  comparative  anatomy, 
4 ;  practical  microscopic  work,  6 ;  anatomy  and  histology  of 
eye,  1 ;  zoology  of  the  higher  animals,  2  ;  work  in  laboratory, 
daily.  H.  Meyer  :  osteology  and  syndesinology,  3.  In  winter 
sem.,  anatomy,  10  ;  review  of  anatomy,  2  ;  anatomical  dissect- 
ing, daily.  In  summer  sem.,  anatomy  of  the  brain  and  organs 
of  sense,  2  ;  malformations  and  dislocations,  3.  L.  Hermann : 
experimental  physiology,  6  ;  work  in  physiological  laboratory, 
daily.  In  winter  sem.,  medical  physics,  2  ;  physiological  and 
pathological  chemistry.  In  summer  sem.,  physiology  of  the 
organs  of  sense,  3.  F.  Frankenhauser  :  obstetrical  and  gyne- 
cological clinic,  6.  In  winter  sem.,  theoretical  obstetrics, 
4.  In  summer  sem.,  gynecology,  4  ;  operative  obstetrics,  6. 
G.  Huguenin  :  medical  clinic,  7£.  In  winter  sem.,  diseases 
of  lungs  and  pleura,  4.  In  summer  sem.,  diseases  of  brain, 
4  ;  diseases  of  liver,  2.  Fr.  Horner  :  clinic  of  diseases  of  the 
eye,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  operations  on  the  eye  with  practical 
exercises,  3  ;  diseases  of  the  eye,  3.  In  summer  sem.,  inflam- 
mations of  the  eye,  3.  O.  \Vyss  :  medical  clinic,  4  ;  clinic  of 
children's  diseases,  3.  In  winter  sem.,  selected  topics  in 
children's  diseases,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  hygiene,  3.  A. 
Forel :  clinic  of  psychiatry,  1  ;  gross  and  minute  anatomy  of 
the  central  nervous  system  with  demonstrations,  4.  A.  Kron- 
lein  :  surgical  clinic,  1\  '•>  suroei7>  4.  ^n  summer  sem.,  sur- 
gical  operations,    6.     E.    Klebs :    pathological   anatomy,    5 ; 


06  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

demonstrative  course  of  pathological  anatomy  with  autopsies, 
2  ;  work  in  laboratory  of  pathological  anatomy,  daily.  In 
summer  sem.,  pathological  histology,  4. 

Extraordinary  Professors. — H.  Spondly  :  operative  obstet- 
rics ;  theoretical  obstetrics. 

Primt-docents. — J.  Billeter :  theory  and  practice  of  den- 
tistry, 2.  F.  Goll :  materia  medica  and  art  of  prescribing, 
4  or  6.  E.  Meyer  :  course  on  laryngoscopy  and  rhinoscopy, 
2  ;  theory  and  practice  of  diseases  of  larynx,  pharynx,  oesoph- 
agus, nose,  and  trachea,  2.  G.  Brunner :  diseases  of  the 
ear,  1.  J.  Seitz :  in  winter  sem.,  venereal  diseases,  14-.  In 
summer  sem.,  historical  introduction  to  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  H.  Mailer :  medical  clinic,  6.  In  winter 
sem.,  diseases  of  the  pelvic  viscera,  2  ;  quiz  on  materia  med- 
ica, 2.  In  summer  sem.,  syphilis  and  diseases  of  skin,  2  ; 
review  and  quiz  on  special  pathology,  2.  O.  Haab :  review  of 
diseases  of  the  eve,  2.  In  winter  sem.,  relation  of  diseases  of 
the  eye  to  general  diseases,  2.  In  summer  sem.,  anomalies 
of  refraction  and  accommodation,  1.  M.  Knies:  course  on 
the  ophthalmoscope.  C.  Kauffmann :  surgery,  2  ;  orthopae- 
dic surgery,  1.  H.  v.  Wyss  :  materia  medica,  with  demonstra- 
tious,  4  ;  review  of  medical  jurisprudence,  1. 


MEDICAL   STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE*  97 


FRANCE. 

PARIS. 

The  study  of  medicine  in  Paris  is  so  much  less  satisfactory 
than  in  Germany  that  almost  all  the  American  students  who 
go  to  Europe  do  the  greater  part  of  their  medical  work  in  the 
different  German  universities  and  spend  only  a  few  weeks  in 
Paris. 

The  remarks  made  in  the  first  part  of  the  book  in  regard 
to  railway  travel  in.  Germany  apply  equally  well  to  France, 
except  that  the  second-class  cars  in  France  are  not  so  good 
as  those  in  Germany  ;  indeed,  on  many  of  the  roads  the  first* 
class  cars  are  no  better  either  in  regard  to  the  comfort  of  the 
cars  or  the  number  of  people  in  them,  than  the  second-class 
cars  in  Germany. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  find  in  Paris  a  private  family  where  a 
student  can  lodge  and  board  and  have  an  opportunity  of 
speaking  French.  There  are  a  great  many  pensions,  but  in 
most  of  them  there  is  unfortunately  quite  as  much  English 
spoken  as  French.  It  is  the  usual  custom  for  students  to 
hire  rooms  and  to  take  their  lunch  and  dinner  in  one  of  the 
numerous  "  Etablissements  de  Bouillon,"  which  are  very  good 
and  cheap  (those  kept  by  Bouillant  are  usually  a  little  better 
than  those  kept  by  Duval).  These  students  learn  French  by 
talking  an  hour  or  more  daily  with  their  teacher,  and  by  com 
versing  with  French  people  whenever  they  have  the  oppor- 
tunity. The  language  can  be  learned,  however,  so  much 
faster  by  living  in  a  French  family  that  it  is  worth  while  to 
make  the  attempt  to  find  a  suitable  family.  The  bankers 
5 


OS  A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 

sometimes  know  of  such  families,  but  an  advertisement  in 
the  paper  is  probably  the  best  and  easiest  way  to  hear  of 
them.  The  usual  place  for  students  to  live  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  palace  of  the  Luxembourg  or  of  the  Hotel  de  Cluny. 
The  cost  of  living  in  Paris  is  a  little  more  than  in  Germany. 

The  medical  college  is  in  the  Rue  de  l'£cole  de  Medecine, 
which  is  a  very  short  street.  The  sirudent,  on  application  to 
the  secretary  (the  concierge  will  point  out  his  room)  and  on 
exhibition  of  his  diploma,  will  be  given  a  card  of  admission 
to  all  the  clinics.  This  card  is  sometimes  of  service,  though 
it  is  very  rarely  demanded,  and  even  when  the  concierge  of  a 
hospital  stops  a  student  and  demands  to  see  his  card  of  ad- 
mission, the  student's  visiting  card  with  "  Dr."  on  it  will 
usually  be  sufficient  to  procure  for  him  entrance  to  the  hos- 
pital. 

At  any  of  the  book-stores  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  med- 
ical school  can  be  bought  the  students' number  ("LeNumero 
des  Etudiants  ")  of  Le  Progres  Medical.  This  number  appears 
shortly  after  the  commencement  of  the  winter  term,  and  con- 
tains an  account  of  all  the  courses  and  clinics  of  medicine 
which  are  held  in  Paris,  and  the  places  (hospitals  and  wards) 
where  they  are  held.  In  the  hospitals  the  names  of  the  dif- 
ferent wards  are  painted  over  the  corresponding  doors  of 
entrance  from  the  hospital  courts,  so  that  no  great  difficulty 
will  be  experienced  in  finding  the  ward  in  which  the  clinic  is 
held.  In  the  yard  of  the  medical  school  and  at  the  entrance 
of  all  the  hospitals  are  notices  of  the  different  clinics,  with 
more  definite  information  than  is  contained  in  Le  Progres 
Medical,  in  regard  to  the  date  of  their  commencement  and 
the  days  and  hours  on  which  they  are  held.  On  these  small 
notices  two  days  in  the  week  are  appointed  usually  on  which 
the  doctor  will  meet  the  class.  In  Le  Progres  Medical  it 
is  stated  that  the  visits  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons  are 
held  daily  and  are  free  for  the  students  to  attend.  This  is 
very  true,  but  a  student  will  not  find  it  to  his  advantage 


MEDICAL   STUDENTS   ES   EUROPE.  00 

to  attend  a  clinic  except  on  the  days  mentioned  on  the  spe- 
cial notices  ;  for  on  the  other  days  the  doctor  does  not  always 
arrive  at  the  hospital  promptly,  and  often  pays  but  little  at- 
tention to  the  few  students  who  may  be  present. 

The  method  of  instruction  in  Paris  is  quite  different  from 
that  in  Germany.  In  the  latter  country,  as  has  been  already 
described,  each  clinic  is  usually  of  an  hour's  duration  and 
consists  in  the  demonstration  of  a  patient.  "Whatever  is  said 
about  any  disease  is  brought  up  in  connection  with,  or  is  il- 
lustrated by  some  particular  patient,  and  the  students  are 
called  on  to  examine  and  discuss  the  case.  In  Paris,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  instruction  is  rather  didactic  and  the  students 
take  no  active  part  in  the  clinic.  The  lectures  which  are  held 
at  the  medical  school  (for  the  most  part  in  the  afternoon) 
are  either  unillustrated  or  are  illustrated  by  drawings  and 
models  ;  and  the  general  plan  of  a  hospital  clinic  in  Paris  is 
as  follows  : 

At  about  9  a.m.  the  clinic  commences  with  a  visit  through 
the  wards,  at  which  the  most  interesting  cases  are  exhibited. 
There  are  usually  from  twenty  to  forty  students  present  and 
as  the  visits  are  made  pretty  rapidly  a  student  has  no  oppor- 
tunity to  examine  a  patient  except  with  his  eyes,  in  case  he  is 
so  fortunate  as  to  be  near  the  bed.  Xo  student  is  called  on 
to  examine  or  discuss  any  case.  The  visit  through  the  ward 
consumes  from  half  an  hour  to  an  hour.  The  students  then 
go  to  the  lecture-room  and  listen  to  a  lecture  either  on  a  pa- 
tient that  they  have  just  seen  in  the  wards,  or  on  a  particular 
method  or  instrument  of  clinical  examination,  or  on  the  value 
of  a  certain  symptom,  or  on  some  special  form  of  disease.  In 
Fournier's  celebrated  skin  clinic  these  lectures  are  illustrated 
by  a  very  fine  set  of  wax  models.  In  the  other  clinics  when 
an  illustration  is  deemed  necessary  it  is  given  by  a  plate  or 
model.  Just  before  the  arrival  of  the  doctor,  and  again  just 
after  he  has  made  his  visit,  the  students  have  a  little  opportu- 
nity to  examine  the  patients  in  the  ward. 


100  A    GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

The  following  are  the  principal  clinics  held  in  Paris  in  the 
winter  term.  They  are  conducted  for  the  most  part  in  the 
manner  just  described. 

The  Medical  Clinics. — The  most  popular  general  medical 
clinic  is  that  held  by  Prof.  Hardy  at  the  Hopital  de  la  Charite 
(504  beds  ;  47  Rue  Jacob).  The  visit  and  lecture  is  on  Tues- 
day and  Saturday  at  8.30  a.m.  At  the  same  hour  on  Thurs- 
day the  students  are  instructed  in  the  examination  of  patients, 
and  on  the  other  days  a  visit  is  made  through  the  wards.  In 
the  same  hospital  medical  visits  are  daily  made  by  M.  Fereol, 
Prof.  Peter,  M.  Laboulbene,  and  M.  Desnos,  and  the  obstetrical 
department  is  visited  by  M.  Bernutz. 

At  the  Hutel  Dieu  (500  beds  ;  Parvis  Notre  Dame),  Prof. 
See  makes  a  visit  and  lectures  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 
Friday,  at  8.30  a.m.  Medical  visits  are  also  made  in  this  hos- 
pital daily  by  M.  Herard  who  instructs  the  students  in  aus- 
cultation and  percussion,  and  in  the  examination  of  patients, 
and  by  M.  Moutard-Martin,  M.  Fremy,  and  M.  Empis. 

At  the  Hupital  de  laPitie  (709  beds  ;  1  Rue  Lacepede)  Prof. 
Lasogue  makes  a  visit  and  lectures  on  Tuesday,  Thursday, 
and  Saturday,  at  9  a.m.  At  the  same  hospital  a  medical  clinic 
is  held  byM.  Lancereaux  on  Monday  and  Wednesday  at  8.30 
a.m.  ;  visits  are  daily  made  by  M.  Dumontpallier  (who  is  at 
present  devoting  much  attention  to  hysteria),  and  by  M.  Cornil, 
Prof.  Brouardel,  and  Prof.  Peter.  Prof.  Cornil  holds  practi- 
cal conferences  in  pathological  anatomy  at  this  hospital  on 
Tuesday  and  Saturday. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  instructive  medical  clinics 
in  Paris  is  held  at  the  Hopital  Necker  (418  beds  ;  151  Rue 
de  Sevres),  by  Prof.  Potain  at  9  a.m.,  daily.  In  this  clinic  a 
much  longer  time  than  is  the  case  in  the  other  clinics  is  de- 
voted to  an  examination  and  discussion  of  a  patient  at  the 
bedside.  At  the  same  hospitals  visits  are  daily  made  by  M. 
Blachez,  M.  Grancher,  and  M.  Rigal. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EtKOPE.  101 

At  the  Hupital  Tenon  (635  beds  ;  Rue  de  la  Chine)  Dr. 
Henri  Huchard  holds  a  clinical  conference  at  the  bedside  of 
the  patient  on  Monday  at  9.30  a.m.  At  the  same  hospital  visits 
are  daily  made  by  M.  Gerin-Roze,  M.  Straus,  M.  Rendu,  M. 
Sevestre,  and  M.  Tenneson. 

At  the  Hupital  Saint- Antoine  (647  beds  ;  184  Rue  du  Fau- 
bourg Saint-Antoine),  M.  Dujardin-Beaunietz  holds  during  the 
summer  term  a  course  on  clinical  therapeutics  at  the  bedside 
of  the  patient  on  Thursday,  at  9.30  a.m.  He  visits  the  hospital 
daily,  at  9  a.m.  At  the  same  hospital  visits  are  daily  made  by 
M.  D'Heilly,  M.  Gouraud,  M.  Hallopeau,  M.  Hayem,  M.  Mesnet, 
and  M.  Dieulafoy.  M.  Du  Castel  has  charge  of  the  service 
of  sinall-pox. 

At  the  Hupital  Cochin  (249  beds  ;  47  Faubourg  Saint- 
Jacques),  M.  Boucquoy  visits  at  8.30  a.m.,  and  questions  the 
students  at  the  bedside  of  the  patients.  From  March  to 
June  he  holds  medical  clinics  on  Tuesday  and  Friday,  at 
9.30  a.m. 

At  the  Hutel  Dieu  and  at  the  Hupital  Xecker  there  are  in 
connection  with  the  medical  clinics  laboratories  for  micro- 
scopical and  chemical  work,  and  students  are  allowed  to  work 
in  these  laboratories  under  certain  restrictions. 

Medical  visits  are  also  made  daily  at  8.30  or  9  a.m.  as  follows : 

Hupital  Lariboisiere  (706  beds  ;  Rue  A.  Pare),  MM.  Duguet, 
Jaccoud,  Bouchard,  C.  Paul,  and  Proust. 

Hupital  Beaujon  (422  beds  ;  208  Faubourg  Saint-Honore), 
MM.  Millard,  Guyot,  and  Fereol. 

The  Surgical  Clinics. — On  the  days  advertised  in  the  small 
placards  the  professor  makes  a  visit  through  the  wards  of 
about  an  hour's  duration,  after  which  he  delivers  a  short  lec- 
ture in  the  amphitheatre  and  then  performs  surgical  opera- 
tions. 

The  most  popular  clinic  is  that  of  Prof.  Verneuil,  at  the 
HCpital  de  la  Pitie,  which  is  held  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 


102  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

Friday,  at  9  A.M.  He  uses  the  thermocautery  a  great  deal  in 
his  operations.  At  the  same  hospital  a  daily  surgical  visit  is 
made  by  Dr.  Polaillon. 

Another  favorite  clinic  is  that  of  Prof.  Gosselin,  at  the  H6- 
pital  de  la  Charite,  which  is  held  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 
Friday,  at  9  a.m.  At  the  same  hospital  a  daily  visit  is  made 
by  Dr.  Despres,  who  holds  a  surgical  conference  and  performs 
operations  on  Thursday.  He  examines  with  the  ophthalmo- 
scope on  Saturday  and  with  the  speculum  on  Tuesday. 

Prof.  Eichet  holds  a  clinic  at  the  Hotel  Dieu  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  at  9  a.m.  At  the  same  hospital  a 
daily  visit  is  made  by  Dr.  Cusco. 

Prof.  Trelat  holds  a  daily  clinic  at  the  Hopital  Necker.  At 
the  same  hospital  Dr.  Guyon  makes  a  daily  visit. 

At  the  Hopital  Cochin  Dr.  Anger  holds  a  daily  clinic  at  8  a.m. 

At  the  Hopital  Lariboisiere  Dr.  Duplay  holds  a  clinic  and 
performs  operations  on  Thursday,  and  visits  daily.  At  the 
same  hospital  Dr.  Anger  visits  daily,  and  operates  on  Wed- 
nesdav. 

At  the  Hopital  Saint-Louis  Dr.  Pean  holds  a  clinic  and  per- 
forms operations  on  Saturday.  He  visits  daily.  At  the  same 
hospital  Dr.  Le  Dentu  holds  a  clinic  and  operates  Wednes- 
day, and  Dr.  Schwartz  holds  a  clinic  Wednesday. 

Daily  surgical  visits  are  made  and  operations  are  performed 
in  the  following  hospitals  by  the  following  men,  usually  at 
9  a.m.  :  At  the  Hopital  Saint- An toine,  Drs.  Terrier  and  Perier. 
The  latter  operates  on  Thursday.  At  the  Hopital  Tenon, 
Dr.  Delens  visits  at  9  a.m.,  operates  on  Monday  and  Wednes- 
day ;  and  Dr.  Lucas  Championniere  visits  at  9.30  a.m.,  and 
operates  on  Tuesday  and  Thursday.  At  the  Hopital  Beaujon, 
Dr.  Tillaux  operates  on  Thursday,  and  Dr.  Labbe  operates 
on  Wednesday  and  holds  a  clinic  Tuesday. 

Diseases  of  Children. — There  are  many  excellent  clinics  of 
diseases  of  children  in  Paris,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  satis- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROrE.  103 

factory  subjects  that  can  be  studied  there.  These  clinics  are 
conducted  in  the  same  way  as  are  the  clinics  in  medicine  and 
surgery,  and  consist  in  a  visit  through  the  ward  followed  by 
a  lecture,  but  more  time  is  devoted  to  the  visit ;  and  as  there 
are  fewer  students  attending  these  clinics  usuallv,  a  student 
has  a  good  opportunity  to  see  and  examine  the  children. 

One  of  the  best  clinics  is  that  of  Prof.  Parrott,  which  is 
held  at  9  a.m.  on  Tuesday  and  Friday,  at  the  Hopital  des 
Enfants  Assistes  (685  beds  ;  100  Eue  Denf ert-Rochereau) . 
The  surgeon  of  the  hospital,  Dr.  Gueniat,  visits  daily. 

At  the  Hopital  des  Enfants  Malades  (518  beds  ;  li!)  Rue 
de  Sevres)  excellent  clinics  are  held  by  Dr.  Simon  on  chronic 
diseases  and  therapeutics  on  Wednesday,  at  9  a.m.,  and  by 
Dr.  Archambault  on  acute  diseases  on  Friday,  at  9  a.m.  Dr. 
Bouchut  holds  a  clinic  at  the  same  hospital  on  Tuesday,  in 
which  he  demonstrates  ophthalmoscopic  and  cerebroscopic  ex- 
amination, and  Dr.  Saint-Germain  holds  an  orthopaedic  and  sur- 
gical clinic  on  Thursday.  At  the  same  hospital  Dr.  Descroi- 
zilles  holds  a  medical  clinic  on  Saturday,  at  9  a.m.,  and  Dr.  La- 
bric  makes  daily  visits,  as  do  also  all  the  above-named  doctors. 

At  the  Hupital  Trousseau  (127  beds  for  children  ;  89  Eue 
de  Charenton),  daily  medical  visits  are  made  by  Drs.  Ber- 
geron, Triboulet,  and  Cadet  de  Gassicourt,  and  surgical  visits 
bv  Dr.  Lannelon£ue. 

Cutaneous  Diseases. — An  excellent  opportunity  is  also  offered 
in  Paris  for  the  study  of  syphilis  and  cutaneous  diseases. 

The  best  clinic  is  that  held  by  Prof.  Fournier  in  the  Hopital 
Saint-Louis  (883  beds,  583  beds  being  for  patients  with  dis- 
eases of  the  skin  ;  40  Rue  Bichet).  On  Tuesday,  at  9  a.m.,  Prof. 
Fournier  makes  a  visit  through  the  wards.  On  Friday,  after 
a  more  rapid  visit  through  the  wards,  he  lectures  in  the  am- 
phitheatre, and  exhibits  a  magnificent  collection  of  wax 
models.  Instead  of  attending  Prof.  Fournier's  lecture  on  Fri- 
day, a  student  can  make  the  visit  through  the  ward  with  him, 


lOJr  A    GUIDE    TO    AMEBIC  AN 

< 

and  then  attend  Dr.  Yidal's  clinic,  in  adjoining  wards,  which  is 
held  on  Friday,  at  10  a.m.,  and  thus  spend  the  whole  morning 
at  the  bedside  of  patients.  On  Wednesday,  Dr.  Yidal  treats 
cases  of  lupus  by  scarification  ;  on  Saturday  he  examines  with 
the  speculum  ;  and  on  Monday  (commencing  in  January),  he 
lectures  on*  diseases  of  the  skin.  Dr.  Laillier  also  holds  a 
clinic  on  diseases  of  the  skin  at  the  Saint-Louis,  on  Friday,  at 
9  a.m.,  and  examines  with  the  speculum  on  Monday.  At  the 
same  hos}:>ital  Dr.  Ollivier,  who  has  charge  of  the  obstetrical 
department,  holds  a  clinic  on  Thursday,  and  examines  with 
the  speculum  on  Friday ;  and  Dr.  Guibout  holds  a  clinic  of 
diseases  of  women  with  examinations  with  the  speculum  on 
Monday  ;  and  during  the  summer  term  he  gives  a  clinical 
course  on  diseases  of  the  skin  on  Saturday.  At  the  same 
hospital  Dr.  Besnier  makes  a  daily  visit. 

At  the  Hupital  de  Lourcine  (213  beds  ;  111  Rue  de  Lour- 
cine)  a  student  has  an  excellent  opportunity  to  study  vene- 
real diseases  in  women.  Dr.  Martineau  gives  clinical  lec- 
tures on  the  diseases  of  women  and  syphilis,  at  9  a.m.,  on 
"Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  in  these  clinics  the  patients 
can  be  seen  and  examined  welL  At  the  same  hospital  Dr. 
Goumienheim  holds  clinics  on  Mondav  and  Thursdav,  at  10 
a.m.,  Monday  being  devoted  especially  to  diseases  of  larynx, 
and  Thursday  to  syphilis.  The  surgeon  of  the  hospital,  Dr. 
Paul  Berger,  visits  daily. 

At  the  Hupital  du  Midi  (335  beds,  devoted  exclusively  to 
venereal  and  syphilitic  diseases ;  111  Boulevard  de  Port- 
Royal)  daily  medical  visits  are  made  by  Drs.  Simonnet  and 
Mauriac,  and  a  daily  surgical  visit  by  Dr.  Horteloup. 

Gynecology  axd  Oestetrics. — The  clinics  of  diseases  of 
women  are  so  crowded  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  see  or  exam- 
ine the  patients. 

Dr.  Gallard,  at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  holds  a  daily  clinic  on  dis- 
eases of  women.     On  Tuesday  and  Saturday  he  lectures  on 


MEDICAL    ST.UDKNTS    IN    EUROPE.  105 

diseases  of  women.  Dr.  Cberon  holds  au  interesting  clinic 
of  diseases  of  women  on  Monday,  at  1  p.m.,  at  9  Rue  de  Sa- 
voie.  The  clinic  is  of  two  hours'  duration.  Unfortunately,  it 
is  very  crowded.  Dr.  Berrut  holds  a  clinic  on  Thursday,  at 
9  a.m.,  at  the  polyclinic  for  diseases  of  women,  Rue  de  Belle- 
chasse.  A  few  other  clinics  on  diseases  of  women  have  been 
mentioned  under  diseases  of  skin  and  syphilis.  At  the  H6pi- 
tal  de  la  Charite,  Dr.  Despres  examines  with  the  speculum 
on  Tuesday ;  and  an  examination  with  the  speculum  is  also 
made  at  the  Hopital  de  la  Pitie,  on  Tuesday,  by  Prof.  Brouardel; 
at  the  Hopital  Lariboisiere,  on  Wednesday,  by  Dr.  Siredey; 
at  the  Hopital  Saint- Antoine,  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday,  by  Dr. 
D'Heilley,  and  by  Dr.  Hayem  on  Friday;  at  the  Hopital  Necker, 
on  Monday,  by  Dr.  Blachez,  and  on  Friday  by  Dr.  Rigal. 

The  principal  obstetrical  clinic  is  held  by  Prof.  Depaul  at 
the  Clinique  d  Accouchements  (8-4  beds  and  53  cradles ;  89 
Rue  dAssas)  on  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  at  9  a.m. 
After  each  clinic  six  students  are  called  on  to  examine  three 
patients.  The  students  have  the  privilege  of  remaining  in 
the  obstetric  wards  from  8  a.m.  till  10  p.m.  Dr.  Maygrier, 
chef  de  clinique,  in  the  Clinique  dAccouchements  gives  a 
course  on  obstetrics  which  is  partly  theoretical  and  partly 
practical.  The  course  is  of  two  months'  duration  and  is  di- 
vided into  four  parts :  first,  pregnancy  normal  and  patho- 
logical ;  second,  labor  ;  third,  operations  ;  fourth,  clinical  and 
operative  exercises.  Dr.  Leviot  also  gives  a  theoretical  and 
practical  course  on  obstetrics,  of  two  months'  duration,  at  10 
Rue  Hautefeuille. 

In  a  number  of  the  hospitals  there  are  special  obstetric 
services.  Dr.  Bernutz  has  charge  of  the  one  in  the  Hopital 
de  la  Charite  ;  Prof.  Peter  in  the  Hopital  de  la  Pitie  ;  Dr. 
Siredey  in  the  Hopital  Lariboisiere  ;  Dr.  Gombault  in  the 
Hopital  Beaujon  ;  Dr.  Terrillon  in  the  Hopital  de  Lourcine  ; 
and  in  the  Hopital  Saint-Louis  Dr.  Ollivier  has  a  service  of 
28  beds,  which  are  constantly  full. 
5* 


106  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

There  is  also  in  Paris  a  large  Maison  d'Accoucheinents,  con- 
taining- 316  beds,  which  is  exclusively  devoted  to  the  education 
of  nridwives. 

Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Throat,  etc. — There  are  a  great 
many  clinics  of  diseases  of  the  eye  in  Paris  which  would  be 
excellent  were  they  attended  by  fewer  students. 

At  the  Hotel  Dieu,  Prof.  Panas  holds  an  excellent  clinic 
daily,  at  9  a.m.  Wednesday  is  devoted  to  the  use  of  the 
ophthalmoscope,  the  professor  going  from  one  patient  to  an- 
other and  stating  what  is  to  be  seen.  On  Monday  and  Friday 
after  the  examination  of  the  patients,  Prof.  Panas  lectures  in 
the  amphitheatre  on  diseases  of  the  eye.  In  the  Hopital  de 
la  Charite  Dr.  Despres  examines  patients  with  the  ophthalmo- 
scope on  Saturday,  at  9  a.m.  In  the  Hopital  Lariboisiere 
Dr.  Duplay  has  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  eye  and  the  use  of 
the  ophthalmoscope  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday,  at  9  a.m.  At 
the  Hopital  Saint-Antoine  Dr.  Perier  examines  patients  with 
diseases  of  eyes  and  ears  on  Friday,  at  9  a.m. 

Dr.  Galezowski  holds  a  clinic  at  26  Rue  Dauphine  on  dis- 
eases of  the  eve,  daily,  from  1  to  3  p.m.  Monday  and  "Wednes- 
day  are  devoted  especially  to  external  diseases  of  the  eye  ; 
Tuesday  and  Thursday  to  operations,  Friday  to  ophthalmo- 
scopic examinations,  and  Saturday  to  refraction  and  accommo- 
dation. 

Dr.  Edward  Meyer  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  eye 
daily,  at  1  p.m.,  at  21  Hue  de  l'Ancienne  Comedie,  operations 
on  Monday  and  Friday.  On  "Wednesday  ophthalmoscopic  ex- 
aminations, and  on  Saturday  practical  exercises  in  selecting 
glasses  with  Dr.  Debierre.  On  Thursday,  at  12  m.,  Dr.  Cau- 
clron,  the  "  chef  de  clinique,"  gives  a  practical  course  on  opera- 
tions on  the  eve. 

Dr.  Landolt  and  his  assistant  Dr.  DeWeeker  hold  excellent 
clinics  of  diseases  of  the  eye  in  the  afternoon.  The  latter 
gives  private  instruction  on  operations  of  the  eye,  etc. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  107 

Dr.  Parinaud  holds  a  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  eye  daily,  from 
12.30  to  3  p.m.,  at  83  Rue  la  Condamine,  in  which  the  students 
have  practical  exercises  and  ophthalmoscopic  demonstrates 
and  lectures  on  Tuesday  and  Friday. 

Dr.  Ch.  Abadie  holds  a  clinic  at  172  Boulevard  Saint  Ger- 
main on  Tuesday  and  Friday  at  2  p.m. 

Dr.  Carre  holds  an  eye  clinic  daily,  at  2.30  p.m.,  at  11  Rue 
Git-le-Cceur. 

Dr.  Dehenne  holds  a  clinic  and  operates  at  25  Eue  Monsieur 
le  Prince,  on  Monday  and  Thursday. 

Dr.  Coursserant  holds  a  clinic  on  Friday,  at  2  p.m.,  at  19 
Rue  du  Dragon. 

Dr.  Fano  lectures  on  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye  on  Monday,  at  1  p.m.,  at  the  Ophthalmic  In- 
stitute, Rue  d'Abbeville. 

Dr.  Fienzal  operates  Monday  and  "Wednesday  at  the  oph- 
thalmological  clinic,  13  Rue  Moreau. 

Dr.  Boucheron  gives  an  elementary  course  on  the  eye  and 
ear  on  Monday  and  Friday,  at  53  Rue  Saint-Andre-des-Arts. 

Dr.  Baratoux  holds  a  clinic  on  the  ear,  hose,  and  larynx  on 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  from  4  to  6  o'clock,  at  3 
Rue  Christine. 

Dr.  C.  Miot  gives  clinical  lectures  on  the  ear  and  nose  at  1 
o'clock  "Wednesday,  at  41  Rue  Saint-Andre-des-Arts. 

Dr.  Ch.  Fauvel  holds  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  larynx  and 
posterior  nares  on  Monday  and  Thursday,  at  10  a.m.,  at  13  Rue 
Guenegaud.  The  patients  are  demonstrated  by  means  of  the 
Drummond  light.  At  the  Hopital  Lariboisiere  patients  are 
examined  with  the  laryngoscope  on  Tuesday  and  Thursday, 
at  9  a.m. 

Dr.  Calmettes,  15  Rue  des  Grands  Augustins,  lectures  on 
diseases  of  the  ears  and  nose,  and  after  the  lecture  the  students 
have  practical  exercises  in  diagnosis  and  treatment.  At  the 
Hopital  Beaujon  patients  with  diseases  of  the  ears  are  exam- 
ined on  Thursday  by  Dr.  Tillaux. 


10S  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Dr.  Mallez  holds  a  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs, 
at  1.30  p.m.,  on  Monday,  at  3  Eue  Christine.  At  the  Hopital 
Keeker  Dr.  Guyon  holds  a  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  urinary 
organs  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  at  9  a.m. 

Dr.  Jardin  gives  a  course  on  the  chemical  and  microscopic 
examination  of  urine  on  Friday,  at  1.30  o'clock,  at  3  Rue 
Christine. 

Dr.  Picard  gives  a  course  on  the  diseases  of  the  urinary 
organs  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  at  8  p.m.,  at  13 
Rue  Suger.  - 

Dr.  Brouardel  holds  a  conference  on  medical  jurisprudence 
at  the  Morgue  on  Tuesday  at  4  p.m. 

Dr.  Ch.  Gay  holds  conferences  on  physics. 

Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases. — Prof.  Ball  holds  a  clinic  on 
mental  diseases  at  the  Asylum  Saint-Anne  on  Sunday,  at  10 
a.m.,  and  Thursday,  at  9  a.m.  On  Thursday  the  students  visit 
the  patients  in  the  wards  and  afterward  have  a  valuable  prac- 
tical exercise  in  the  examination  of  patients  and  in  making 
diagnoses.  On  Sunday  Prof.  Ball  gives  systematic  lectures 
on  insanity,  and  at  the  close  of  each  hour  demonstrates  three 
or  four  patients. 

Prof.  Magnan  also  gives  a  valuable  course  of  lectures  on 
insanity,  with  demonstrations  of  }i>atients,  and  also  of  patko-" 
logical  specimens  at  the  Asylum  Saint-Anne,  on  Sunday,  at 
9.30  a.m. 

At  the  Hospice  de  la  Salpatriere  (3,069  beds  for  the  aged, 
and  720  beds  for  the  insane)  Dr.  Voisin  holds  a  clinic,  during 
the  winter  term,  on  insanity,  on  Sunday  mornings.  Dr. 
Legrand  de  Saulle  holds  a  similar  clinic  ;  and  in  the  sum- 
mer term  Dr.  Luys  gives  a  course  on  the  structure  of  the  brain 
and  mental  pathology. 

Prof.  Charcot  was  last  year  appointed  Professor  of  Nervous 
Diseases,  and  this  year  he  will  hold  a  clinic  of  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system  at  the  Salpatriere,  on  Thursday  and  Sunday, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  109 

at  9.30  a.m.  Formerly  lie  used  to  give  a  few  lectures  on  Sun- 
days, in  the  winter  term,  on  some  special  subject  in  nervous 
diseases.  He  also  used  to  have  a  class,  which  I  presume  he 
will  continue,  and  which  consisted  of  a  few  doctors  (mostly 
foreigners),  who  came  to  his  room  in  the  Salpetriere,  on  Tues- 
day, Thursday,  and  Saturday,  from  9.30  a.m.  to  12  m.,  and 
were  present  while  he  examined  patients  and  made  his  in- 
vestigations, which  are  directed  especially  to  the  subject  of 
hystero-epilepsy. 

Out-patients  are  treated  at  the  Salpetriere,  at  9.30  a.m.,  on 
Monday  by  Dr.  Moreau  ;  on  Tuesday  by  Prof.  Charcot ;  on 
"Wednesday  by  Dr.  Luys  ;  on  Thursday  by  Dr.  Terrier  (sur- 
geon) ;  on  Friday  by  Dr.  Voisin  ;  and  on  Saturday  by  Dr. 
Legrand  du  Saulle. 

At  the  Hupital  Laennec  clinics  are  daily  held  in  the  amphi- 
theatre. On  Tuesday  and  Saturday  they  are  surgical,  and 
are  held  by  Dr.  Nicaise.  On  Monday,  Wednesday,  Thurs- 
day, and  Friday,  they  are  on  various  branches  of  medicine, 
and  are  held  by  Prof.  Ball,  Dr.  Legroux,  Dr.  Ferraud,  and 
Dr.  Damaschino  respectively. 

The  Hospice  Bicitre,  at  Bicetre,  is  so  far  out  of  Paris  that 
it  is  very  inconvenient  to  attend  the  visits  there.  The  hospi- 
tal contains  1,596  aged  people,  G51  insane,  and  105  epilep- 
tics. Daily  visits  are  made  by  the  physician,  Dr.  Debove, 
and  the. surgeon,  Dr.  Gillette.  The  insane  department  is 
visited  daily  by  Drs.  Falvet,  J.  Voisin,  and  Bourneville  ;  the 
latter  has  charge  of  the  idiots. 

During  the  winter  semester  1881-82,  the  following  lectures 
were  given  in  the  medical  school : 

M.  Gavarret :  medical  physics  (physical  phenomena  of  vi- 
sion), Monday,  5  p.m.  M.  Gariel  (associate  professor)  :  general 
physics,  heat,  electricity,  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday, 
at  12  m. 

M.  Jaccoud  :  diseases  of  liver  and  kidneys,  Tuesday,  Thurs- 
day, and  Saturday,  at  3  p.m. 


110  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

M.  Sappey:  elements  of  blood  and  lymph,  lymphatic  sys- 
tem, vascular  system,  organs  of  sense,  organs  of  innervation, 
Monday,  Wednesda}r,  Friday,  5  p.m. 

M.  Bouchard :  nervous  reactions,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  Sat- 
urday, 5  P.M. 

M.  Heuriot  (agrege  suppliant)  :  inorganic  chemistry  in  its 
relation  to  medicine  and  toxicology,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday,  at  12  m. 

M.  Duplay :  surgical  diseases  of  the  cranium  and  vertebral 
column,  diseases  of  the  nose  and  nasal  fossse,  diseases  of  the 
ears,  Monday,  Wednesday,  Friday,  4  p.m. 

M.  Leon  Le  Fort :  therapeutics  of  surgical  diseases,  Tues- 
day, Thursday,  Saturday,  4  p.m. 

M.  Robin :  the  tissues  and  the  anatomical  systems,  Tues- 
day, Thursday,  Saturday,  5  p.m. 

M.  Laboulbene  :  history  of  the  common  diseases  of  France, 
medical    biography,   Tuesday,    Thursday,    and   Saturday,   at 

4  P.M. 

During  the  winter  semester  1882-3  the  same  professors 
lectured,  but  in  many  cases  the  subjects  of  the  lectures  were 
different,  the  topics  treated  varying  from  year  to  year.  In 
addition,  M.  Cornil  lectured  on  the  lesions  of  the  respiratory, 
digestive,  and  genito-urinary  apparatus,  and  on  the  lesions  of 
the  skin.  M.  Henninger  supplied  the  place  of  M.  Wurtz,  in- 
stead of  M.  Heuriot. 

AUXILIARY    COURSES. 

M.  Henninger  (agrege)  :  biological  chemistry,  general  biol- 
ogy, immediate  principles  of  the  animal  economy,  chemical 
phenomena  of  digestion,  blood,  lymph,  respiration,  phenom- 
ena of  assimilation,  chemical  composition  of  the  principal 
tissues,  phenomena  of  disassimilation,  secretion,  "Wednes- 
day, at  4  p.m. 

M.  De  Lanessan  (agrege) :  medical  zoology,  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  at  2  p.m. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  Ill 

M.  Legroux  (agrege)  :  diseases  of  the  digestive  canal,  Mon- 
d&j,  Wednesday,  Friday,  5  p.m. 

M.  Marchand  (agrege)  :  general  external  pathology,  diseases 
of  skin,  cellular  tissue,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  5  p.m. 

M.  Budin  :  obstetric  therapeutics  and  operations,  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  at  2  p.m. 

M.  Keniy  (agrege)  :  reproduction,  develojMnent,  physiology 
of  organs  of  sense,  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  at  4  p.m. 

M.  Straus  (agrege)  :  inflammations,  specific  inflammations, 
strombosis  and  embolism,  atrophy,  hypertroplry,  degeneration, 
steatosis,  amyloid  degeneration,  atheroma,  tumors,  classifica- 
tion of  tumors,  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  at  3  p.m. 

PRACTICAL    EXERCISES. 

Anatomy. — M.  Farabceuf  (agrege),  director  of  the  work  : 
dissection  daily,  with  criticisms  and  demonstrations  by  the 
prosectors.  Dr.  Farabceuf  also  gives  a  course  of  lectures  on 
anatomy,  on  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday,  at  3.30  p.m., 
at  the  £cole  Pratique,  Rue  Vauquelin. 

Physiology. — M.  Laborde,  director  of  the  work  :  practical 
exercises  and  demonstrations  in  physiology. 

Histology. — M.  Cadiat  (agrege)  director  of  the  work :  prac- 
tical exercises  and  demonstrations  in  histology. 

National  History. — M.  Faquet,  director  of  the  work  :  practi- 
cal exercises  in  natural  history,  on  Monday  and  Thursday 
(first  series),  and  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday  (second  series;, 
from  9  to  11  a.m. 

Medical  Chemistry. — M.  Armand  Gauthier  (agrege),  director 
of  the  work  :  chemical  manipulations,  Tuesday  and  Thursday, 
from  1  to  3  p.m.,  and  Wednesday  and  Friday,  from  8  to  10  a.m, 

Medical  Physics. — M.  Gay  (agrege),  director  of  the  work  : 
practical  exercises  in  physics,  conferences  on  physics,  Tues- 
day, Thursday,  and  Saturday,  from  4  to  6  p.m. 

Pathological  Anatomy. — M.  Gombault,  director  of  the  work  : 
practical  exercises  and  demonstrations  in  pathological  anatomy. 


112  A    GUIDE    TO    AMEMCAN 

At  the  Amphitheatre  d'Anatomie  des  Hopitaux,  17  Rue  du 
Fer-a-Moulin,  students  can  dissect  all  day  long,  and  numerous 
special  courses  on  anatomy  are  given  there.  Dr.  Tillaux  (di- 
rector of  the  amphitheatre)  gives  a  course  on  topographical 
anatomy  on  Monday  and  Friday,  at  4  p.m.  Dr.  Lebec  (pro- 
sector) gives  a  course  on  jxhysiology  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday,  at  4  p.m.  Dr.  Quenn  (prosector)  gives  a  course  on 
descriptive  anatomy,  Tuesday  and  Thursday,  at  4  p.m.  Dr. 
Siredey  (chief  of  the  laboratory  of  histology)  gives  a  course  on 
histology,  Tuesday  and  Friday,  at  2  p.m.  Microscopes,  etc., 
are  furnished. 

The  following  courses  were  given  in  the  winter  term  1881- 
82  at  the  Ecole  Pratique,  which  is  temporarily  situated  in  the 
rear  of  the  Musee  Dupuytren.  These  courses  consist  for  the 
most  part  of  lectures  illustrated  by  models,  plates,  and  appara- 
tus : 

Dr.  Dareste :  embryogeny  and  teratology,  Tuesday  and 
Saturday,  at  4  p.m. 

Dr.  Migon  :  obstetrics,  Monday  and  Friday,  at  8  p.m.  Dr. 
Migon  also  gives  private  courses. 

Dr.  Ferdut :  obstetrics. 

Dr.  Sinety:  gynecology. 

Dr.  Cheron :  gynecology,  Tuesday  and  Thursday,  at  8  p.m. 

Dr.  Brochard  :  hygiene  and  diseases  of  infants,  Wednesday, 
at  8  p.m. 

Dr.  Galezowski :  alterations  in  the  lens  and  vitreous  humor, 
Monday  and  Friday,  at  8  p.m. 

Dr.  Cadier  :  laryngoscopy  and  physiology  and  hygiene  of 
the  voice,  Tuesday  and  Saturday,  at  5  p.m. 

Dr.  Gelle  :  otology,  Wednesday,  at  4  p.m. 

Dr.  Mallez :  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  Thursday  and 
Saturday,  at  8  p.m. 

Dr.  Dubuc  :  diseases  of  the  urinary  organs,  Tuesday  and 
Thursday,  at  5  p.m. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  113 

Dr.  Apostoli :  electricity  applied  to  medicine,  surgery,  and 
obstetrics. 

Dr.  Tripier  gives  a  course  on  electricity  applied  to  medicine 
and  surgery  on  Saturday,  at  1  p.m.,  at  3  Rue  Christine. 

Dr.  Latteux  gives  a  course  on  microscopic  technology  and 
microscopic  analysis,  at  5  Rue  du  Pont-de-Lodi. 

The  following  are  the  laboratories  of  Paris,  and  although 
the  laboratory  accommodation  is  very  insufficient  yet  a  stu- 
dent is  usually  able  to  work  in  them  under  certain  restric- 
tions : 

Anatomy,  Prof.  Sappey ;  operative  medicine,  Prof.  LeFort ; 
experimental  and  comparative  pathology,  Prof.  Vulpian  ;  thera- 
peutics, Prof.  Hayem  ;  pharmacology,  Prof.  Regnault ;  pjhysics, 
Prof.  Gavarret ;  chemistry,  Prof.  Wurfcz  ;  biological  chemistry, 
Prof.  Wurtz;  medical  jurisprudence,  Prof.  Brouardel ;  botany, 
Prof.  Baillou  ;  teratology,  Dr.  Dareste  ;  general  pathology,  Prof. 
Bouchard. 

The  laboratories  at  the  Hotel  Dieu  have  already  been  men- 
tioned. 

Laboratory  of  Clinical  Obstetrics,  head  of  laboratory,  Dr. 
Galippe. 

At  the  Pitie  Laboratory  of  Clinical  Surgery,  Dr.  Nepveu 
head  of  the  laboratory  ;  and  Laboratory  of  Clinical  Medicine, 
Dr.  Brissaud  head  of  the  laboratory. 

At  the  Charite  there  is  a  clinical  medical  and  surgical 
laboratory,  Dr.  Remy  being  head  of  the  laboratory. 

At  the  Necker  there  is  a  laboratory  of  clinical  medicine, 
Drs.  Essback  and  DuCastel  being  heads  of  the  laboratory,  and 
a  laboratory  of  clinical  surgery,  Dr.  Latteux  being  head  of  the 
laboratory. 

Laboratory  of  the  Clinic  of  Diseases  of  Children,  Dr.  Mar- 
tin being  head. 

Laboratory  of  Clinical  Ophthalmology,  Dr.  Desfosses  head 
of  the  laboratory. 


114  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Clinical  laboratory  for  Mental  Diseases,  Dr.  Bellange  head 
of  laboratory. 

Clinical  laboratory  for  Cutaneous  and  Syphilitic  Diseases, 
Dr.  Baizer  head  of  laboratory. 

During  the  winter,  lectures  are  given  at  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  the  Sorbonne,  and  the  College  de  France,  which  are 
often  of  interest  to  medical  students.  At  the  latter  institution 
advanced  students  are  allowed  to  work  in  the  laboratory  of 
physiology  and  histology.  The  latter  is  one  of  the  best 
laboratories  in  Europe  in  which  to  learn  the  method  of  his- 
tological research. 

In  the  Museum  Dupuytren,  on  Friday,  at  3.30  p.m.,  meets 
the  Anatomical  Society,  and  on  Saturday,  at  4  p.m.,  the  Bio- 
logical Society.  Doctors  may  attend  these  meetings,  and 
they  are  frequently  very  interesting. 

The  instruction  during  the  summer  semester  is  very  much 
the  same  as  in  the  winter,  except  that  there  are  one  or  two 
additional  courses  on  operative  surgery  and  in  the  practical 
departments  of  medicine. 

On  account  of  the  great  distances  which  separate  the  dif- 
ferent hospitals  in  Paris,  much  time  is  consumed  in  going 
from  one  to  the  other,  and  a  student  cannot  employ  his  time 
to  such  good  advantage  as  in  Vienna  ;  so  that  the  following 
plan  of  a  student's  daily  work  in  Paris  is  very  different  from 
that  in  Vienna. 

Friday. 

8.  Breakfast  of  coffee  and  rolls. 

8.30-9.  Omnibus  ride. 

9-11.30.  Clinics  of  Prof.  Fournier  and  Dr.  Vidal  at  Hopital  St.  Louis. 

11.30-12.  Omnibus  ride. 

12.  Lunch. 

1-3.  Clinic  of  diseases  of  eye,  Dr.  Galezouski. 

4-5.  Physiology  of  organs  of  sense,  M.  Remy. 

5-6.  Anatomy,  Prof.  Sappey. 

6-7.  Dinner. 

8.  Obstetrics,  Dr.  Migon. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  115 


ENGLAND. 

LONDON. 

Railway  travel  in  England  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the 
Continent,  except  that  on  most  of  the  railroads  no  check  of 
any  kind  is  given  for  the  baggage,  and  that  there  is  but  lit- 
tle difference  between  the  second-  and  third-class  cars,  and 
that  more  passengers  travel  first-class  than  in  Germany  or 
France. 

The  cost  of  living  in  London  is  somewhat  more  than  in 
Germany  or  France.  The  hospitals  of  London  are  so  scat- 
tered about  in  all  parts  of  the  city  that  there  is  no  portion  of  it 
which  is  especially  desirable  for  students'  rooms.  Many  med- 
ical students  live  in  Bedford  and  Russell  Squares,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  British  Museum.  It  is  the  general  custom 
for  American  medical  students  to  have  their  rooms  and  their 
meals  in  the  same  house.  Most  of  the  houses  in  which  rooms 
are  for  rent  bear  placards  to  that  effect.  Information  about 
rooms,  etc.,  can  be  obtained  at  the  American  Exchange,  419 
Strand,  opposite  Charing  Cross  Station. 

There  is  no  journal  in  London  which,  like  the  Student's 
Number  of  Le  Progres  Medical  in  Paris,  contains  a  list  of 
the  different  hospitals  and  the  attending  physicians  and  sur- 
geons, and  of  the  different  clinics.  The  Medical  Record, 
however,  publishes  in  September  an  Educational  Number, 
wliich  oives  some  information  about  medical  study  in  London. 

The  work  in  the  medical  schools  is  divided  into  two  terms. 
The  winter  term  commences  on  the  1st  of  October  and  ends 


116  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

at  the  end  of  March.  The  summer  term  commences  on  the 
1st  of  May  and  ends  at  the  end  of  July. 

The  medical  advantages  of  London  are  not  very  available 
for  a  foreign  doctor,  and  are  not  so  valuable  to  him  as  those 
of  Germany  or  France,  provided  that  he  has  some  knowledge 
of  German  and  French.  There  are  in  London  very  large  and 
fine  clinics,  but  the  physicians  in  charge  do  not  try  to  instruct 
any  doctors  who  may  be  present.  A  foreigner  is  always 
kindly  received  at  these  clinics,  and  he  may  witness  the  ex- 
amination and  treatment  of  patients,  but  as  a  rule  no  special 
effort  is  made  to  teach  him.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  find 
private  courses  on  special  subjects.  By  attending  a  clinic 
for  a  long  time  and  becoming  well  acquainted  with  the  phy- 
sician in  charge  and  his  assistant,  a  doctor  can  learn  a  great 
deal,  but  much  time  is  consumed  in  the  process. 

As  a  general  rule  in  London,  the  attending  physicians  and 
surgeons  visit  the  hospitals  only  two  or  three  times  a  week, 
and  they  make  their  visits  in  the  afternoon.  In  the  morn- 
ing very  few  clinics  are  held,  and  in  this  respect  it  differs 
greatly  from  Paris  where  almost  all  the  clinics  are  held  in  the 


morning. 


The  medical  students  in  London  are  divided  amoncf  a 
number  of  schools,  each  school  being  connected  with  some 
particular  hospital,  from  which  it  gets  its  name.  On  appli- 
cation to  the  porter  of  the  hosjrital  or  of  the  school  a  cata- 
logue can  be  obtained  which  contains  a  list  of  the  different 
clinics  and  lectures.  If  a  foreign  doctor  wishes  to  attend  the 
visit  of  any  physician  in  London,  he  has  only  to  go  to  the 
hospital  at  the  time  of  the  visit  and  send  his  card  to  the  phy- 
sician, who  will  be  pleased  to  have  him  accompany  him  on 
his  visit.  The  physicians  in  London  are  very  kind  and  polite 
in  this  respect. 

Not  infrequently  American  doctors  enter  London  hospitals 
for  the  purposes  of  study.  Most  of  the  hospitals  have  no 
more  places  to  dispose  of  than  can  be  readily  filled  from  the 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  117 

students  of  their  own  schools.  The  London  Hospital  is,  how- 
ever, an  exception  to  this  rule,  and  it  is  the  only  one  to  which 
Americans  are  admitted,  except  that  at  rare  intervals  a  va- 
cancy may  be  found  in  some  other  hospital.  The  positions 
for  which  foreigners  may  apply  are  "clinical  clerk"  on  the 
medical  side,  or  "  dresser  "  on  the  surgical  side.  In  order 
to  obtain  these  positions,  application  should  be  made  in  writ- 
ing from  four  to  six  months  in  advance  to 

Mr.  MUNRO  SCOTT, 

Warden  op  the  London  Hospital  Medical  School, 

Turner  Street, 

Mile  End, 

London,  E. 

The  positions  are  for  the  term  of  three  months,  and  com- 
mence on  February  1st,  May  1st,  August  1st,  or  November 
1st,  and  in  order  to  obtain  them  the  sum  of  fifty-five  dollars 
must  be  paid  in  advance. 

The  duty  of  a  clinical  clerk  is  to  write  out  the  history  and 
the  results  of  the  physical  examination  of  each  joatient  on  his 
entrance  into  the  hospital,  and  to  keep  a  record  of  the  case 
while  it  remains  in  the  hospital.  At  10  am.  the  clinical  clerk 
must  make  the  visit  with  the  House  Physician,  and  must  tell 
him  about  the  new  cases.  Twice  a  week  the  Visiting  Physi- 
cian visits  the  hospital,  and  then  the  clinical  clerk  must  read 
to  him  the  histories  of  the  new  cases.  During  the  day  he  is 
allowed  to  examine  any  case  in  the  wards,  and  has  a  good 
opportunity  to  examine  the  eyes,  ears,  throat,  etc.,  of  pa- 
tients. There  is  a  good  laboratory  in  the  hospital,  in  which 
he  mav  work.  He  can  occasionally7  find  time  to  visit  other 
hospitals.     The  clinical  clerks  do  not  live  in  the  hospital. 

The  duties  of  a  dresser  are  very  similar  to  those  of  a  clini- 
cal clerk.  He  takes  the  histories  of  new  patients,  examines 
them  (he  is  not  allowed  to  make  an  instrumental  examina- 


118 


A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 


tion),  and  keeps  a  record  of  their  cases.  He  does  the  smaller 
dressings  and  assists  at  the  larger  ones.  He  assists  at  <jpera- 
tions,  while  the  house  surgeon  administers  the  anaesthetic. 
He  lives  in  the  hosj)ital  one  week  in  each  month. 

The  following  is  a  brief  account  of  the  principal  medical 
work  in  London.  The  visits  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons 
in  the  wards,  and  the  work  in  the  out-patient  departments  of 
the  hospitals  connected  with  medical  schools  can  be  attended 
by  students. 

GUY'S  HOSPITAL   MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 

St.  Thomas  Street,  S.  E.— 700  beds. 

DATS    AND    HOURS    OF    ATTENDANCE    AT    HOSPITAL. 

Ward  Visits. 


Dr.  Wilkes,  Medical 

Dr.  Pavy,  Medical 

Dr.  Moxon,  Medical 

Dr.  Fagge,  Medical 

Mr.  Bryant,  Surgical 

Mr.  Durham,  Surgical 

Mr.  Howse,  Surgical 

Mr.  Davies-Colley,  Surgical. 

Surgical  Operations 

Dr.  Hicks,  Obstetrics 

Dr.  Galabin,  Obstetrics 

Mr.  Bader,  Diseases  of  Eye. . 
Operations  on  the  Eye 


M. 


1.30 


SO 
30 
30 
30 
30 


1.30 


1.30 
1.30 


1.30 


1.30 
130 

i'so 


w. 


1.30 


30 


1.30 

i'.so 

1.30 
1.30 
1.30 

i'.so 


30 
30 


1.30 


1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 

1.30 


1.30 
1.30 
1.30 


Out-Patients. 


• 

M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

12.30 

12.30 
12  30 
12.30 
12.30 

12.30 
12.30 

12.30 

12.30 
12.30 

12.30 

12.30 
12.30 

Dr.  Goodhart,  Medical 

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 

Dr.  Pye-Smith.  Cutaneous 

7.30 

MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE. 


119 


DAYS   AXD   HOUE9    OF   LECTURES   AND   DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Winter  Term. 


Anatomy,  Mr.  Howse  and  Mr.  Davies-Colley. . . 

Dissection,  Demonstrate >r 

Physiology,  Mr.  Pye-Smith 

Practical  Physiology,  Mr.  Golding  Bird 

Chemistry,  Drs.  Debus  and  Stevenson 

Experimental  Physics,  Prof.  Remold   

Demon.  Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Goodhart. 

Autopsies.  Drs.  Fagge  and  Goodhart 

Medicine,  Drs.  Wilks  and  Pavy 

Clinical  Medicine 

S  rgery,  Mr.  Bryant  and  Mr.  Durham 

Clinic.d  Surgery 

Zoology,  Dr.  Brailley 

Practical  Surgery.  Mr.  Lucas 

Clinical  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  Dr.  Hicks. . 
Ophthalmic  Surgery,  Mr.  Higgins 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

9 

F. 

9 

9 

9 

9-4 

9-4 

9-4 

9-4 

9-4 

4.15 

415 

4.15 

10-12 

1-3 

11 

11 

11 

11 

1 

1 

2.30 

2.30 

2.30 

2.30 

2.30 

3 



3 



3 

3".  30 

.  .  .  > 

3. 30 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

1.30 

•  ■  ■  ■ 

2.15 

2.  is 

,      p 

4 

4 

4 

■  •  ■  • 

1.30 

•  •  •  • 

..   . 





3 



s. 


9-4 

10-12 
11 


2.30 

1.30 

2.45 


Summer  Term, 


Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  Dr.  Hicks 

Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Fagge 

Medical  Jurisprudence.  Dr.  Stevenson 

Practical  Chemistry,  Dr.  Debus 

Insan  ty.  Dr.  Savage 

Botany.  Mr.  B  ti  any 

Operative  Surgery,  Mr.  Lucas 

Hygiene,  Dr.  F    Taylor 

Clinical  Med  icine 

Clinical  Surgery 

Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica,  Dr.  Moxon, 

Autopsies 

Clinical  Obstetrics.  Dr.  Galabin 

Pathological  Histology,  Dr.  Jacobson 


M. 


10-1 


2.30 


T. 


9 

io' 
ii' 

11.30 


3 
2.30 

3 
Three 


W. 


9 

"4' 

1.30 


9 

"io" 

11.30 

i'.io 


2.^0 


2.30 

days  in  the  week. 


10-1 
10.30 


1.30 

3 
2.30 


S. 


9 

10 


11. 10 


2.30 


In  addition  to  the  above  a  laboratory  class  for  advanced 
students  in  physiology  is  held  during  the  summer  term  by 
Mr.  Pye-Smith  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  at  2.30  p.m.,  and 
Dr.  Debus  allows  advanced  students  to  work  in  the  chemical 
laboratory  during  both  the  winter  and  the  summer  terms. 
Practical  pharmacy  is  taught  in  the  hospital  dispensary  in 
courses  of  three  months'  duration  throughout  the  year.  Dr. 
Pye  Smith  gives  demonstrations  in  diseases  of  the  skin  on 


120 


A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


Tuesday  at  12  m.  throughout  the  year.  The  museums  con- 
nected with  Guy's  Hospital  are  large  and  fine  ;  among  them  is 
a  valuable  set  of  anatomical  models  in  wax,  made  by  Mr.  Towne. 


ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S   HOSPITAL   MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

West  Smithfield.— 710  beds. 

DATS  AND    HOURS    OF   LECTURES  AND   DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Winter  Term, 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Anatomy,  Mr.  Langton  and  Mr.  Marsh 

Dissecting    Demonstrator 

7-4 

2/0 
10 

3.30 

9 

7-4 
2.30 
2.30 

3.30 
lY 

9 
7-4 

3.30 

3.30 
12 

9 

7-4 

2.30 

10 

9 
7-4 

'io' 
.... 

2.30 

3.30 

10.30 
11 

12' 

7-4 

Phvsiolo  ry,  Mr.  Morant-  Baker 

Practical  Physiology,  Dr.  Harris 

Medicine,  Drs.  Andrew  and  Gee 

3 
2 

"l 

SO 

.30 

k' 

•• 

Clinical  Medicine 

Ophthalmoscopic  Demonstration,  Mr.  Vernon.. 
Surgery,  Mr.  Savory 

2 



Clinical  Surgery 

12.45 

Practical  Surgery,  Mr.  Butlin  and  Mr.  Walsham 
Dental  Surgery.  Mr.  Coleman 

3.30 

D^mon.  Pathological  Auatom  ,  Dr.  Moore 

Autopsies 

12 

'l2 

Summer  Term. 


Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Dr.  T.  Lau- 
der Brunton 

Botany,  Mr.  Henslow 

Forensic  Medicine,  Dr.  R.  Southey 

Hygiene,  Mr.  It.  T.  Thorne 

Comparative  Anatomy,  Dr.  N.  Moore     

Practical  C.  mparative  Anatomy.  Dr.  Moore  . . . 

Obstetrics.  Dr.  J.  Mathews  Duncan 

Clinical  Medicine 

Clinical  Surgery  

Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Leeg 

Ophthalmic  Surgery,  Mr.  Power 

Insanity.  Dr.   Shaw 

Practical  Chemistry.  Dr.  Russell 

Practical  Surgery,  Mr.  Butlin  and  Mr.  Walsham 

Practical  Physiology,  Dr.  Harris 

Demonstr.  Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Moore.. 
Autopsies 


M. 


10 

io' 


3.30 


11-1 
2.30 


12 


10 
2' 30 
11.15 

"9 

12.45 
11-1 
2.30 
'pi' 


W. 


10 
11.30 


12.45 
2.30 
'l2" 


10 

3.30 

11.15 
9 
9 


12 

'ii' 
'12' 


F. 


10 
2.30 


3. 


50 


11-1 
30 

ii' 
12 


s. 


10 


12.45 

ii' 
12' 


In  addition  to  the  above,  Dr.  Klein  gives  a  course  of  lec- 
tures, with  demonstrations  on  histology,  which  is  included 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE. 


121 


in  the  course  of  physiology.  Clinical  instruction  is  given 
throughout  the  year  by  Mr.  Marsh  on  orthopaedic  surgery,  on 
Monday,  at  2  p.m.  ;  by  Mr.  Cumberbatch  on  diseases  of  the 
ear,  on  Monday,  at  2.30  p.m.  ;  by  Mr.  Morant-Baker  on  dis- 
eases of  the  skin,  on  Friday,  at  1.30  p.m.  ;  by  Messrs.  Power 
and  Vernon  on  diseases  of  the  eye,  on  Tuesday,  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  at  2  p.m.  ;  by  Mr.  Butlin  on  diseases 
of  the  larynx,  on  Friday,  at  2.30  p.m.  ;  Dr.  Duncan  gives  a 
clinical  lecture  on  diseases  of  women  in  the  winter  term  every 
alternate  Thursday.  Students  also  have  opportunities  for 
practically  studying  the  obstetrical  cases  with  the  physician 
accoucheur  who  visits  the  wards  on  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday,  at  2  p.m.,  and  with  the  assistant  accoucheur,  who  ex- 
amines the  out-patients  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  at  9  a.m. 
Students  are  also  sent  to  attend  cases  of  midwifery  in  the 
city. 

©AYS   AN©    HOURS    OF   ATTENDANCE    AT    HOSPITAL. 

In,  tlie  Wards. 


M, 


Dr.  Andrew,  Medicine I    1.30 

Dr.  Southey,  Medicine j    1.30 

Dr.  Church,  Medicine 

Dr.  Gee,  Medicine 

Mr.  Sarony,  Surgeon , 

Mr.  T.  Smith,  Surgeon 

Mr.  Willett,  Surgeon 

Mr.  Langton,  Surgeon 

Dr.  Duncan,  Obstetrics 

Mr.  Power,  Eye 

Mr.  Vernon 

Operations  on  the  Eye 

Surgical  Operations 


1.30 
1.30 

1.30 
1.30 


T. 


1.30 

9 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

i"io 

1.30 
2 

1.30 

l'.30 


W, 


1.30 
1.30 

1.30 

1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 


1.30 


T. 


9 
1.30 

1.30 

1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
2 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 


1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 


S. 


1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
2 

i'io 

1.30 


Assistants  in 

Out-patients' 

Rooms. 

M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Dr.  Duckworth,  Medicine 

ii' 

12.30 

11 
12.30 

ii 

12.30 
12.30 

'ii' 

12.30 

11 

Dr.  Hensley,  Medicine 

11 

Dr.  Brunton,  Medicine  .... 

Mr.  Morant-Baker,  Surgeon. . 

12.30 

Mr.  Marsh,  Surgeon   , 

Mr.  Butlin,  Surgeon 

12.30 

122 


A    GUIDE    TO   AMERICAN 


Out- Patients,  Special  Departments, 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

"» 

11.30 

"2' 
9 

"2 

2.80 
2 

i'M 

"9* 

ISIr.  Marsh,  Orthopaedic  Surgery 

Mr.  Cumberbatch,  Diseases  of  Ear 

2.30 

— 

Mr.  Godson,  Gynecology 

2 

ST.    THOMAS'   HOSPITAL, 


situated  on  the  Albert  Embankment,  opposite  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  (572  beds),  is  one  of  the  handsomest  hospitals  in 
the  world, 
given  : 


In  its  medical  school  the  following  lectures  are 


EOTtRS  OF  ATTENDANCE  ON  LECTURES  AND  DEMONSTRATIONS. 


Winter  Term. 


Physics,  Dr,  Stone 

Chemistry,  Dr.  Bernaya 

Anatomy,  Dr.  Reid  and  Mr.  Anderson 

Dissecting,  Demonstrators 

Physiology,  Dr.  Harley 

Physiological  Demonstrations,  Dr.  Hutton 

Pract  Surgery,  Mr.  Mason  and  Mr.  Mackeliar. . 

u„,-„ • J  Dr.  Bristowe,  \  Oct.  1  to  Jan.  1 

Medicine,  ■>  Dr  Qr±  -  Jan    1  ^  ^^  ± 

Sur-erv  i  Mr-  J?ne!!'  I  0ct"  1  to  Jan'  1  ■  ■ 

our^eiy,  f  ^  MacCormac.  )  Jan.  1  to  April  1, 

Clinical  Surgery,  Special  Course,  ilr.  Croft. . . . 

Pract.  Path.  Anat ,  Drs.  Payne  and  Sharkey. . 

Obstetric  Demonstrations.  Dr.  Gervis 

Autopsies,  Drs.  Reid  and  Sharkey 

Surgical  Operations 

Operations  on  the  Eye 


M. 


9.30 
lU-4 


4 
9 


T. 


10.30 

9.30 

10-4 

4 


W. 


9.80 

10-4 

4 

11.30 


9 
2 

1.30 


T. 


10.30 
9.80 
10-4 


9 

4 
4 
9 


F. 


10.30 
9.80 
10-4 

4 
11.30 


4 
4 
9 


2 


8. 


12 

10-2 


9 


11.30 

"2 

1.30 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    ECEC-PE. 


123 


Summer  Term. 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Dr.  Stone.. 

9 

9 

9 

Botanv,  Mr.  Bennet 

,  . 

io 

10 

io 

Practical  Chemistry,  Dr.  Bernays 

10-12 

10-12 

10-12 

12.30 

12.30 

, 

12.30 

Midwifery  and  Gynecology,  Dr.  Gervis    

4 

4 

■  •  •  m 

4 

4 

... 

Comparative  Anatomy,  Mr.  C.  Stewart 

12 

.  .  ■  . 

.... 

12 

.... 

.... 

Forensic  Medicine,  Drs.  Payne  and  Corv. . 

«  «       • 

9 

.... 

9 

.... 

9 

Pathologic  d  Anatomy,  Drs.  Payne  and  Sharkey 

9 

•  •  >  • 

9 

•  •  •  • 

9 

9 

•  .  •  • 

■  •  •   . 

•  •  .  • 

.... 

Pract.  Surgery,  Mr.  Mason  and  Mr.  Mackellar . . 

4 

.... 

.... 

4 

... 

•  •  •  • 

•  «  .  ■ 

.... 

12 

...» 

State  Medicine,  Dr.  A.  Carpenter 

4 

•  ■  •  • 

4 

•  •  •  ■ 

«... 

.... 

Clinical  Surgery,  Special  Course,  Mr.  Croft 

.... 

•  -  <  - 

■  •  « 

9 

.... 

.... 

2 

2 

2 

1.30 

2 

2 

2 

1.S0 

.... 

.... 



2 

TIMES    OF   ATTENDANCE    OF  JHYSICTAN8   AND  SURGEONS  IN   WARDS. 


Dr.  Bristowp,  Medicine 

Dr.  Stone.  Medicine 

Dr.  Ord.  Medicine 

Dr.  Harley.  Medicine 

Dr.  Gervis,  Obstetrics 

Mr.  Sidney  Jones,  Surgery 

Mr.  Croft,  Surgery 

Mr.  MacCormac.  Surgery 

Mr.  Mason,  Surgery 

Mr.  Xettleship,  Diseases  of  Eye . 


M. 


9 

2 


2 
2 


T. 


2 


W. 


T. 


2 

2 


•2 
2 


F. 


2 


s. 


Assistants  on  Out-Patients. 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

12.30 
12.30 

12.30 
1.30 

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 
12.30 

Dr.  Sharkev,  Medical                            

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 

12.30 

121 


A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 


Special  Departments  for  Out-Patients. 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

Mr.  Ni-ttleship.  Eye 

1.30 

1.30 

12.30 
10 

1.30 
11.30 

1.30 

12.30 

1.30 

'io' 

Mr.  Clutton,  Ear   

12.30 

Mr.  Elliott  and  Mr.  Ranger,  Teeth  

... 

LONDON  HOSPITAL   MEDICAL   SCHOOL. 

Whitechapel  Road,  Mile  End— 800  Beds. 

DAYS   AND   HOURS   OF   LECTURES    AND   DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Winter  Term. 


Anatomy,  Mr.  Rivington 

Dissecting.  Mr.  Treves , , 

]  hysi  >logy,  Mr.  McCarthy 

Chemistry,  Mr.  Tidy , 

Medicine,  Dr.  Stephen  Mackenzie , 

Surgery,  Mr.  Adams 

Diseases  of  Throat,  Dr.  Morell  Mackenzie 

Demonstr.  Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Sutton, 

Clinical  Medical  Lecture , 

Clinical  Surgical  Lecture 


M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

3 

9.10 

9.10 

9.10 

10-4 

10-4 

10-4 

10-4 

10-4 

9 

9 

10.30 

10.30 

10..- 0 

4 

4 

4 

4 

■4' 

4 



3.30 

3.30 

3.30 

3.30 

3.30 

< 

~>ne  each  week. 

< 

3ne  eac 

h  week 

• 

10-1 
9 


10 


Summer  Term. 


Palfrey 

Rodgers. 


Practical  Chemistry,  Mr.  Tidy. 
Midwifery  and  Gynecology,  Dr 

Aural  Surgery,  Mr.  Brown 

Forensic  Medicine,  Mr.  Tidy  and  Mr 

P.<  it  any,  Dr.  Warner 

Practical  Histology,  Mr.  McCarthy 

Pathological  Anatomy,  Dr.  Sutton 

Demonstrations  in  Pathological  Anatomy 
Materia  Mrdica  and  Therapeutics,  Dr.  James 

Comparative  Anatomy,  Dr.  Aveling 

Diseases  of  Teeth,  Mr.  Barrett 


M. 


0 
9 


10 
11 


3.30 


9 

"io" 

ii 

3.30 
3 
9 
4 


W. 


9* 


10 
11 


3.30 


T. 


9 

4 

10 

'ii' 

12.30 
3.30 

3 

9 


9 
9 

'io' 

11 


,   3.30 
3 


S. 


10 
3.30 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE. 


125 


Hospital  Visits. 

M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Physicians — Dr.  A .  Clark 

2 

"% 

"2 
2 

"2 

2 

"2 

.... 

"2 

1.30 
IO* 

2 

"2 
2 

i'M 
2 

10.30 

*2 

"2' 
2 

•  •      •    | 

"2 

2 

"2 

2 

2 

Dr.  Sansom  .' 



Surgeons — Mr.  Hutchinson 

1.30 
2 



Mr.  Oouper 

1.30 

Mr.  Adams 

Ass't  Physicians — Dr.  Turner 

Dr   Smith 

L30 

10 

Out-JPalients. 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

Physicians — Dr.  Sansom 

1.30 

1.30 
1.30 

1.80 

1.30 

1.30 

i'io 

i'io 
9 

1.30 

i'.30 
1.30 

1*30 

"9' 

1.30 

l'.30 

iio 

Dr.  Tumor 

1.30 

Dr.  Warner 

1.30 

Dr.  Ralfe 

1.30 
1.30 

Mr.  McCarthy  • 



1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

9 
9.30 

In  addition  to  the  above  the  following  instruction  is  given  : 
A  lecture  on  clinical  medicine,  and  one  on  clinical  surgery,  is" 
given  each  week,  and  the  physicians  and  surgeons  hold  clinics 
at  each  of  their  visits,  and  practical  instruction  is  given  in  the 
out-patient  departments,  not  only  in  general  medicine  and 
surgery,  but  also  in  all  the  special  departments.  Mr.  Adams 
gives  a  course  on  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver,  and  Mr. 
Reeves  gives  a  course  on  practical  surgery.  Mr.  Cooper  gives 
a  course  on  ophthalmic  diseases  and  Mr.  Brown  one  on  aural 
diseases.  The  last  four  courses  are  held  in  the  summer  term 
only. 


12G 


A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 


CHARING  CROSS  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 

Chandos  Street,  near  Charing  Cross  Station — 180  beds,  and  50  beds  in  the  Royal  West- 
minster Ophthalmic  Hospital. 

TIME   TABLE. 

Winter  Term. 


M. 


Anatomy,  E.  Bellamy 9-10 

Physiology,  Dr.  Silver 3-4 

Practical  Physiology  (lectures  and  laboratory), 

Dr.  Wolfenden I  10-12 

Chemistry,  Mr.  Heaton !  11-12 

9-4 
4-5 


Dissecting,  Mr.  Cantlie 

Medicine,  Dr.  Pollock 

Surgery,  Mr.  Barwell 

Medical  and  Surgical  Practice  . . 

Surgical  Operations 

Dental  Surgery 


1-3 


9.30 


3-4 

9-10 

"9-4 

'4^5 
1-3 


W. 


9-10 
3-4 

10-12 
11-12 
9-4 
4-5 

i^T 

9!  30 


T. 


9-10 
11-12 
9-4 
4-5 
3-4 
1-3 
2 


9-10 
3-4 

10-12 

9-4' 

4-5' 
1-3 

9"  30 


12-1 


9-1 


1-3 
2 


Summer  Term. 


M. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Botany,  Dr.  Colquhoun 

10-11 

9-io 

1-3 

•  •  •  • 

ii-i 
9-1 

"3-4 

10-12 
i-3 

9!30 

"9-i 

4-5 

11-12 

'3-4 
9-10 

9-i  6 

1-3 
2 

10-12 
9-1 
3-4 

10-11 

"i-3 

9^30 
9 

*9^i 

'  4' 

3-4 
9-10 

10-11 

Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Dr.  Bruce. . 
Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 

10-12 

i^3 

9-i  6 
1-3 

2 

9.30 
9 

'6-1 
3-4 

Practical  Physiology,  Mr.  Wolfenden 

Dissecting,  Mr.  Cantlie 

11-1 
9-1 

Mental  Diseases,  Dr.  Winslow 

4-5 
9-1 J 



The  instruction  in  medical  and  surgical  practice  consists  of 
work  in  the  out-patient  rooms  from  1  to  2  p.m.,  and  in  the 
wTards  from  2  to  3  p.m.  Clinical  instruction  in  midwifery  and 
gynecology  is  given  twice  a  week  by  Dr.  Black  in  the  wards 
and  in  the  out-patient  department.  Clinical  instruction  is 
given  daily  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  at  1  p.m.,  in  the  Royal 
Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  which  adjoins  the  Charing 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IX    EUROPE. 


127 


Cross  Hospital.  Clinical  instruction  is  given  in  children's 
diseases,  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  at  1.30  p.m.,  by  Dr. 
Colqulioun.  Clinical  instruction  in  diseases  of  the  skin  is 
given  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays,  at  1.30  p.m.,  by  Dr.  Sangs- 
ter.  Clinical  instruction  in  diseases  of  the  ear,  Mondays,  at  3 
p.m.,  by  Mr.  Can  the.  Surgical  operations  on  Thursday,  at 
2  p.m.  Dr.  Pollock  visits  the  wards  on  Monday  and  Thurs- 
day ;  Dr.  Silver  on  Tuesday  and  Friday  ;  Dr.  Green  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday  ;  Mr.  Barwell  on  Tuesday  and  Friday  ; 
Mr.  Bellamy  on  Monday  and  Thursday,  and  Mr.  Bloxam  on 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  all  these  visits  being  made  at  2 
p.m.  The  out-patients  are  attended  at  1  p.m.,  by  Dr.  Bruce 
on  Tuesday  and  Friday  ;  by  Dr.  Houghton  on  Monday  and 
Thursday  ;  by  Dr.  Smith  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  ;  by 
Mr.  Cantlie  on  Monday  and  Thursday  ;  by  Mr.  Morgan  on 
Tuesday  and  Friday,  and  by  Mr.  Whitehead  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday. 

UNIVERSITY   COLLEGE   HOSPITAL. 

Gower  Street— 200  beds. 

TIME    TABLE. 

Winter  Term. 


M. 


Medicine.  Prof.  Kinger , 

Physiology,  Prof.  Burdon-Sanderson, 

Physiological  Laboratory 

Chemistry.  Prof.  Williamson 

Chemical  Exercises,  Mr.  Orme 

Anatomy,  Prof.  Thane , 

Dissecting.  Demonstrator 


10-11 
10-5 
11-13 


Hospital  Practice — Medical  Clinical  Lectures,  "1 
Surgical  Clin.  Lectures... 


Skin  Clinical  Lectures  ...  \ 
Clinical  Midwifery      ....  J 

Zoblogv,  Comparative  Anatomy,  and  Biology 
Prof.  Lankester , 

Zootoinical  and  Microscopical  Courses 

Embryology,  Mr.  Shaf  r , 

Surgery,  Prof.  Marshall 

Practical  Surgery.  Prof.  Hill 

Operative  Surgery.  Mr.  Beck 

Dental  Surgery,  Mr.  Ibbetson 


12-1 

8-5 

1-4 


1-8 

10-5 
2-3 


T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

■   9-10 

9-10 

-9-10 

9-10 

10-11 

10-11 

10-11 

10-11 

10-5 

10-5 

10-5 

10-5 

11-12 

"11-12 

11-12 

11-12 

|  9-10 

9-10 

9-10 

9-10 

12-1 

12-1 

12-1 

12-1 

8-5 

8-5 

8-5 

8-5 

1-1 

1-4 

1-4 

1-4 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

10-5 

10-5 

10-5 

10-5 

2-3 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

.... 

10-5 


8-2 


1-4 


4-5 

In  latter  part  of  winter  term. 
4-5  |    ....    |    ....    |     4-5  |    ....    | 


123 


A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


Summer  Term. 


Botany,  Prof.  Oliver 

Midwifery,  Prof.  Hewett 

Histology,  Prof.  Burdou -Sanderson 

Practical  Histology,  Prof.  Burdon-Sanderson. . 

Pathological  Anatomy,  Prof.  Bastian 

Demonstration  of  Drugs,  Mr.  Gerard 

Materia  Med.  and  Therapeutics,  Prof.  Roberts. 

Medical  Jurisprudence,  Prof.  Poore 

Practical  Chemistry,  Prof.   Williamson 

Zootomical  and  Microscopical  Demonstrations. 

Hospital  Practice — Medical  Clinical  Lectures  ) 
Surgical  Clinical  Lectures  - 
Clinical  Midwifery i 

Operative  Surgery,  Mr.  Beck    

Hygiene  and  Public  Health,  Prof.  Corfleld 

Ophthalmic  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Mr.  Tweedy 


M. 


8-9 


T. 


8-9 
9-10 
12-1 


W. 


8-9 
9  10 
12-1 


T. 


8-9 
12-i 


F. 


8-9 
9-10 


1 .30-3  1 .30-3  1 .30-3  1 .30-3  1.30-3 


10-11 

9-io 

10-12 
10-5 

1-4 


9-10 
10-11 
10-11 
11-12 
10-5 

1-4 


10-11 
10-11 
11-12 
10-5 

1-4 


4-5 
9-10 
10-11 


4-5 

9-10 
10-11 


10-11  :  10-11 
11-12  11-12 
10-5      10-5 


9-10 


1-4 


1-4 


10-12 


1-4 


SA  or  3  Si  or  3  Si  or  3  8*  or  3  Sh  or  3  8£  or  3 
4-5   ....    4-5 
4-5   ....    4-5  I  .... 


The  physicians  connected  with  the  hospital  are  Dr.  "Wilson 
Fox,  Dr.  Sidney  Ringer,  Dr.  Bastian,  Dr.  Roberts,  and  Dr. 
Graily  Hewett,  obstetrician.  The  assistant  physicians  are 
Dr.  Gowers,  Dr.  Poore,  Dr.  Barlow,  and  Dr.  Williams,  assist- 
ant obstetricians.  The  surgeons  are  Mr.  Marshall,  Mr.  Hill, 
and  Mr.  Heath.  The  assistant  surgeons  are  Mr.  Beck,  Mr. 
Barker,  and  Mr.  Godlee.  Mr.  Streathneld  is  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon, Mr.  Tweedy  assistant  ophthalmic  surgeon,  and  Mr. 
Ibbetson  dental  surgeon.  Special  instruction  is  given  in  the 
examination  of  patients  by  Drs.  Fox  and  Gowers  for  medical 
cases,  and  by  Messrs.  Heath,  Beck,  and  Baker  for  surgical 
cases. 

Clinical  instruction  is  given  by  the  physicians  and  surgeons 
in  their  daily  visits,  both  in  the  wards  and  in  the  oat-patient 
department. 

The  obstetric  physician  visits  the  hospital  twice  a  week,  and 
gives  a  clinical  lecture  once  a  fortnight.  The  assistant  obstet- 
ric physician  also  attends  twice  a  week,  and  forms  classes  for 
the  study  of  diseases  of  women.  The  visits  to  the  eye  infir- 
mary are  made  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays  at  2 
p.m.  Dr.  Crocker  attends  patients  with  skin  diseases  on  Tues- 
days, at  1.30  p.m.,  and  on  Saturdays  at  9.30  a.m.     Dr.  Poore 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE. 


120 


attends  patients  with  diseases  of  the  larynx  on  Thursdays  at 
1.30  p.m.,  and  gives  systematic  instruction  in  the  use  of  the 
laryngeal  instruments.  Mr.  Barker  attends  patients  with  dis- 
eases of  the  ear  on  Saturdays  at  1.30  p.m.,  and  gives  demon- 
strations. Practical  pharmacy  is  taught  by  Mr.  Gerard. 
Histology  is  included  under  the  head  of  physiology,  and  is 
taught  in  the  summer  term.  Students  who  wish  to  make 
original  investigations  in  physiology  can  work  in  the  labora- 
tory of  Prof.  Burdon-Sanderson.  Students  are  allowed  to 
work  in  the  laboratory  for  hygiene,  and  a  practical  course  in 
hygiene  is  given,  as  is  also  one  in  pathological  anatomy. 


KING'S   COLLEGE  HOSPITAL. 
Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn. 

TIME    TABLE   OF   HOSPITAL    ATTENDANCE. 


11. 

T. 

w. 

T. 

F. 

s. 

2 

"2 

"2" 

1.30 

±".30 
l!30 

16" 

"2 

i".30 

1.30 

12.30 

.... 

i.36 

1.30 

i'M 

2 
"2" 

i'M 

"2 

1.30 

i'M 

"i" 

*  •  •  ■ 

•  •  •  • 

i'io 

12.80 

1*30 
1.30 

i'M 

*io' 

Dr.  Beal' 

Dr.  Duffin 

Obstetr  cs  and  Gynecology,  Dr.  Playfair 

"2 
2 

Dr.  Baxter  (in  summer) 

Dr.  Curnow  (in  winter) 

Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  Dr.  Hayes 

1.30 
12.30 

i'M 

1.30 

i*so 

Prof.  Lister 

1.30 
1.30 

1.30 

Prof.  Smith 

Out-Patients — Mr.  Bell 

1.30 

Dentist.  Prof.  Cartwright  .        ,            .... 

Diseases  of  Eye,  Prof.  McHardy 

1 

Clinical  Lectures. — Dr.  Johnson,  alternate  Mondays,  at  3 
p.m.  ;  Dr.  Beale,  alternate  Tuesdays,  at  3  p.m.  ;  Dr.  Duffin,  al- 
ternate Fridays,  at  3  p.m.,  in  winter  ;  Dr.  Playfair,  alternate 
Thursdays,  at  3  p.m.,  in  winter  ;  Dr.  Burney  Yeo,  alternate 
Tuesdays,  at  3  p.m.,  in  summer  ;  Prof.  Wood,  Tuesday  and 
Thursday,  at  1.30  p.m.  ;  Prof.  Lister,  Monday  and  Wednesday, 
at  2  p.m.  ;  Prof.  Cartwright,  alternate  Tuesdays,  at  1.30  p.m., 
6* 


130 


A    GUIDE   TO    AMERICAN 


in  winter  session ;   Prof.  McHardy,  alternate  Mondays,  at  3 
p.m.,  in  winter  session. 


TIME   TABLE   FOR  LECTURES    AND  DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Winter  Term. 


M. 

T. 

W. 

T. 

F. 

S. 

Anatomy,  Prof.  John  Curnow 

9 
10.15 
12.15 

4 

9 
12.15 

"a 

"9* 

9 

10.15 
12.15 

5 

4 

"9' 

9 
10.15 
12.15 

"4' 

9 

12.15 
4 

■4 

3 
11.15 
10.15 

9 

Physiology,  Prof.  G.  F.  Yeo 

12.15 

Surgery,  Prof.  Smith 

Comparative  Anatomy  and  Zoology,  Prof.  Bell. 

4 





Summer  Term. 


Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  Prof.  Baxter 

Obstetric  Medicine,  Prof.  Play  fair 

Practical  Chemistry,  Prof.  Bloxam 

Practical  Physiology,  Prof.  Yeo 

Pathological  Anatomy,  Prof.  Duffin 

Botany,  Prof.  Bentley 

Forensic  Medicine,  Prof.  Ferrier 

Tutors"  Class,  Dr.  Girard 


M. 


10.15 


12.15 
4 
4 


T. 


9 

9 

10.15 

12.15 

4 


W. 


9 
9 

10.15 


4 
12 


9 

9 
10.15 

"3" 

12.15 


F. 


9 
9 

10.15 

3 
12.15 

4 


10.15 


Clinical  instruction  is  given  by  the  physicians  and  surgeons 
at  their  visits  in  the  wards,  and  by  the  assistant  physicians 
and  surgeons  in  the  out-patient  department,  especially  on 
Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Fridays.  Clinical  instruction  in 
diseases  of  the  eye  is  given  by  Prof.  McHardy,  both  in  the 
wards  and  in  the  out-patient  department.  Clinical  instruc- 
tion is  given  in  diseases  of  the  throat  every  Tuesday,  at  2  p.m., 
by  Dr.  Baxter.  Clinical  instruction  in  skin  diseases  is  given 
by  Dr.  Duffin,  on  Tuesdays,  in  the  out-patient  department, 
and  in  diseases  of  the  ear,  on  Thursdays,  at  2  p.m.,  by  Dr. 
Pritchard,  in  ont-patient  department.  Operations  are  per- 
formed by  Prof.  Wood  and  Prof  Smith,  Saturdays,  at  1  p.m.  ; 
by  Prof.  Lister,  Fridays,  at  2  p.m. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  131 

MIDDLESEX  HOSPITAL. 

Bernerd  Street,  W.— 310  beds. 

Physicians,  Drs.  Cayley,  K.  King,  and  Coupland ;  Obstetri- 
cian, Dr.  J.  Hall  Davis ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  Douglas 
Powell,  D.  W.  Finlay,  J.  K.  Fowler,  and  C.  T.  Bliss ;  Phy- 
sician to  skin  department,  Dr.  E.  Liveing  ;  Assistant  Obstetri- 
cian, Dr.  Edis  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  Hulke,  Lawson,  and  Mor- 
ris ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  Clark  and  Lyell  ;  Ophthal- 
mic Surgeon,  Mr.  Critchett  ;  Aural  Surgeon,  Mr.  A.  Heus- 
man  ;  Dental  Surgeon,  Mr.  Turner  ;  Pathologist,  Dr.  J.  K. 
Fowler. 

In-patients  are  visited  daily,  at  1.30  p.m.  Surgical  opera- 
tions on  Wednesday,  at  1  p.m.  A  visit  is  made  to  the  obstet- 
rical and  gynecological  wards  on  Tuesday  and  Friday,  and 
the  out-patients  in  this  department  are  seen  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday,  at  1.30  p.m.  There  are  many  cases  of  cancer 
constantly  in  the  hospital,  and  patients  with  this  disease  are 
seen  in  the  out-patient  department  on  Thursdays,  at  1.30  p.m. 
Mr.  Critchett  attends  out-patients  with  diseases  of  the  eye, 
on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays,  at  8.30  a.m.  Dr.  Liveing 
gives  a  clinic  on  diseases  of  the  skin,  which  is  highly  spoken 
of,  on  Friday,  at  4  p.m.  Mr.  A.  Hensman  attends  patients 
with  disease  of  the  throat  and  ear,  on  Tuesday,  at  9  a.m. 
Autopsies  are  made  daily,  at  2  p.m. 

Lectures. 

Dr.  Cayley  lectures  on  medicine  ;  Messrs.  Hulke  and  Law- 
son  on  surgery ;  Messrs.  Morris  and  Clark  on  practical 
surgery  ;  Mr.  Lowne  on  physiology  and  general  anatomy ; 
Mr.  Morris  on  anatomy ;  Messrs.  Hensman  and  Sutton 
demonstrate  the  dissections  ;  Dr.  Coupland  on  morbid  anat- 
omy ;  Mr.  WT.  Foster  on  chemistry  ;  Dr.  J.  Hall  Davis  on 
midwifery   and   gynecology ;   Dr.    Thorowgood*  on    materia 


132  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

medica  and  therapeutics  ;  Dr.  King  on  medical  jurisprudence  ; 
Mr.  Hensman  on  botany  ;  Mr.  Hensman  on  comparative 
anatomy  ;  Mr.  Critckett  on  diseases  of  the  eye  ;  Mr.  W.  Fos- 
ter on  practical  chemistry ;  and  Mr.  Mowne  on  practical 
physiology  and  histology. 

ST.   GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL, 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.  W.— 353  beds. 

Physicians,  Drs.  Barclay,  Wadham,  Dickinson,  and  Whip- 
ham  ;  Obstetrician,  Dr.  Barnes  ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs. 
Cavafy  and  Watney  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  T.  Holmes,  J.  Rouse, 
T.  P.  Pick,  J.  W.  Haward  ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs. 
Bennett  and  Dent ;  Ophthalmic  Surgeon,  Mr.  R.  Brudenell 
Carter ;  Aural  Surgeon,  Mr.  W.  B.  Dalby  ;  Dentist,  Mr.  A. 
Winterbottom. 

Clinical  lectures  are  delivered  by  the  physicians  and  sur- 
geons twice  a  week.  Operations  on  Thursdays,  at  1  p.m. 
Out-patients  are  seen  by  the  assistant  physician  four  times  in 
the  week. 

Lectures. 

Winter  Term. — Mr.  Pick,  anatomy  ;  Mr.  Stirling,  physiology 
and  general  anatomy ;  Dr.  Ewart  and  Mr.  Bennet,  practical 
physiology  ;  Mr.  Marginson,  dissecting ;  Dr.  Whiphani,  pa- 
thology ;  Drs.  Barclay  and  Dickinson,  medicine ;  Messrs. 
Holmes  and  Rouse,  surgery ;  Mr.  R.  Brudenell  Carter,  oph- 
thalmic surgery  ;  Dr.  Owen,  morbid  anatomy  ;  Mr.  Donkin, 
chemistry  ;  Dr.  Barnes,  clinical  lectures  on  diseases  of  women. 

Summer  Term. — Mr.  Donkin,  practical  chemistry ;  Dr. 
Barnes,  diseases  of  women  and  children ;  Dr.  Whipham, 
practical  medicine  ;  Dr.  Watney,  materia  medica ;  Dr.  Wad- 
ham,  medical  jurisprudence  ;  Dr.  Owen,  botany ;  Dr.  Bland- 
ford,  psychological  medicine  ;  Mr.  Haward,  practical  surgery  ; 
Mr.  Bennett,  operative  surgery  ;  Mr.  A.  Wmterbottom,  den- 
tal surgery  ;*Dr.  Brailey,  comparative  anatomy  ;  clinical  dem- 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN   EUROPE.  133 

onstrations  of  diseases  of  the  skin,  Dr.  Cavafy  ;   Dr.  TVhip- 
Lam,  diseases  of  the  throat. 

ST.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL. 

Cambridge  Place,  raddington,  W. — 100  beds. 

Physicians,  Drs.  H.  Jones,  Sieveking,  and  Broadbent ;  Sur- 
geons, Messrs.  Haynes,  "Walton,  J.  R.  Lane,  and  A.  T.  Norton  ; 
Obstetrician,  Dr.  A.  Meadows ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs. 
Cheadle  and  Shepherd  j  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  E.  Owen, 
H.  Page,  and  W.  Pye  ;  Assistant  Obstetrician,  Dr.  Wiltshire  ; 
Skin  Department,  Dr.  Cheadle  and  Mr.  Morris  ;  Ophthalmic 
Department,  Mr.  H.  "Walton  ;  Throat  Department,  Mr.  Nor- 
ton; Aural  Surgery,  Mr.  G.  P.  Field  ;  Dental  Surgery,  Mr. 
H.  Hayward ;  Electrician,  Mr.  Knott. 

In-patients  are  visited  daily,  at  1.15  p.m.  Out-patients  daily, 
at  1  p.m.  The  obstetrician  attends  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays, 
at  9.30  A.M  ;  the  ophthalmic  surgeon  on  Mondays  and  Thurs- 
days, at  1.30  p.m.  ;  the  aural  surgeon  attends  on  "Wednesdays 
and  Saturdays,  at  2  p.m.  Surgical  operations  are  performed 
on  "Wednesdays,  at  1.30  p.m.  ;  autopsies  are  made  at  2  p.m. 
by  Mr.  Pepper. 

The  following  courses  of  lectures  and  demonstrations  are 


o 


given 


Winter  Term. — Mr.  Pye,  jMiysiology;  Mr.  Pepper,  histology  ; 
Drs.  Cheadle  and  Shepherd,  pathology  ;  Mr.  Owen,  anatomy  ; 
Mr.  H.  E.  Jules,  dissecting ;  Dr.  Wright,  chemistry  ;  Dr. 
Broadbent,  medicine  ;  Messrs.  James  Lane  and  A.  T.  Nor- 
ton, surgery ;  Mr.  H.  Page,  operative  surgery ;  Drs.  II. 
Jones  Sieveking  and  Broadbent,  clinical  medicine  ;  Messrs. 
H.  Walton,  J.  R.  Lane,  and  A.  T.  Norton,  clinical  surgery  ; 
Mr.  H.  Hayward,  dental  surgery. 

Summer  Term. — Rev.  J.  M.  Crombie,  botany  ;  Dr.  Farqu- 
harson,  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  ;  Dr.  "Wright,  prac- 
tical chemistry  ;  Drs.  A.  Meadows  and  A.  "Wiltshire,  mid- 
wifery and  gynecology  ;  Dr.  Randall,  medical  jurisprudence  ; 


134  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

Mr.  Haynes  Walton,  ophthalmic  surgery ;  Mr.  G.  P.  Field, 
aural  surgery  ;  Dr.  Cheadle  and  Mr.  Morris,  diseases  of  the 
skin  ;  Mr.  St.  George  Mivart,  comparative  anatomy. 

WESTMINSTER  HOSPITAL. 

Opposite  "Westminster  Abbey,  S.  W. — 215  beds. 

Physicians,  Drs.  Fincham,  Sturges,  and  Allchin ;  Obstetri- 
cian, Dr.  Potter ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  H.  Donkin, 
Hall,  and  Hughes  Bennett ;  Assistant  Obstetrician,  Dr.  Grigg  ; 
Surgeons,  Messrs.  Cowell,  Davy,  and  Macnamara  ;  Assistant 
Surgeons,  Messrs.  T.  Cooke,  Bond,  and  P.  Gould ;  Surgeon 
Dentist,  Mr.  Walker  ;  Aural  Surgeon,  Mr.  Keene  ;  Ophthal- 
mic Surgeon,  Mr.  Cowell ;  Orthopaedic  Surgeon,  Mr.  R. 
Davy  ;  Skin  Department,  Mr.  Bond  ;  Throat  Department,  Dr. 
Hall. 

The  in-patients  and  out-patients  are  attended  daily,  at  1.30 
p.m.  Surgical  operations  are  performed  on  Tuesdays  and 
Saturdays,  at  2  p.m.     Autopsies  are  made  at  2  p.m. 

In  the  medical  school  connected  with  the  hospital,  the  fol- 
lowing lectures  and  demonstrations  are  given  ; 

Winter  Term. — Messrs.  P.  Gould  and  Black,  anatomy  and 
dissecting ;  Dr.  Allchin,  jihysiology  ;  Dr.  Murrell,  practical 
j)hysiology  and  histology ;  Dr.  Duprc,  chemistry  ;  Messrs. 
Cowell  and  Davy,  surgery  and  practical  surgery  ;  Drs. 
Fincham  and  Sturges,  medicine  ;  Mr.  Walker,  dental  sur- 
gery ;  Dr.  C.  Blake,  comparative  anatomy. 

Summer  Term. — Mr.  Worsley  Benison,  botany  ;  Mr.  Bond, 
forensic  medicine  and  hygiene  ;  Dr.  Phillips,  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  ;  Dr.  Potter,  midwifery  and  gynecology  ; 
Dr.  Allchin,  pathology  and  morbid  anatomy;  Dr.  Dupre, 
practical  chemistry  and  toxicology  ;  Mr.  Cowell,  ophthalmic 
surgery  ;  Dr.  Sutherland,  psychological  medicine  ;  Mr.  Keene, 
aural  surgery ;  Mr.  Bond,  skin  diseases. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  135 

LONDON  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  FOR  WOMEN. 

30  Henrietta  Street,  Brunswick  Square,  and  Royal  Free  Hospital,  Gray's  Inn  Road, 
W.  C. 

Lectures  at  the  ScnooL. 

Mr.  Ottley,  anatomy ;  Prof.  E.  A.  Schafer,  physiology  and 
practical  physiology  ;  Mr.  Heatone,  chemistry  and  practical 
chemistry ;  Dr.  P.  H.  Stokoe,  botany  ;  Dr.  T.  J.  Mac-lagan, 
materia  inedica  ;  Airs.  Garrett  Anderson,  M.D.,  and  Dr.  H. 
Donkin,  medicine  ;  Dr.  Ford  Anderson  and  Dr.  Louisa  At- 
kins, midwifery  and  gynecology  ;  Dr.  Dupre  and  Mr.  Bond, 
forensic  medicine  ;  Air.  Cowell,  surgery  ;  Messrs.  Critchett 
and  J.  Adams,  ophthalmic  surgery ;  Mr.  J.  Shuter,  minor 
surgery  ;  Dr.  W.  A.  Sturge,  pathology ;  Dr.  Sankey,  mental 
pathology ;  Dr.  Munie,  comparative  anatomy  ;  Drs.  Sophia 
Jex,  Blake,-  and  Edith  Pechey,  hygiene. 

Drs.  TV.  A.  Sturge  and  Cockle,  clinical  medicine  ;  Messrs. 
Gant  and  Piose,  clinical  surgery  ;  Dr.  TV.  Hayes,  gynecology ; 
Mr.  G.  A.  Critchett,  ophthalmic  surgery. 

The  hospital  contains  150  beds.  There  is  a  large  museum. 
The  patients  are  visited  daily  at  2  p.m.  Surgical  operations 
on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays,  at  2  p.m.  The  physician  for 
diseases  of  women  attends  on  Tuesdavs  and  Saturdavs,  at  9 
a.m.,  and  the  ophthalmic  surgeon  on  Wednesdays  and  Fri- 
davs,  at  9  a.m. 

ScnooL  of  Anatomy. 

Dr.  Thomas  Cook  has  a  school  of  anatomv.  The  work 
consists  of  courses  of  three  months'  duration.  In  each  course 
the  whole  of  anatomy  (on  the  dissected  body),  of  physiolo^v 
(with  microscopic  preparations,  etc.),  and  the  operations  (all 
performed  by  students  on  the  cadaver)  are  gone  through  with. 

LONDON   HOSPITALS. 

In  addition  to  the  medical  instruction  already  mentioned, 
there  are  many  other  hospitals  in  London  at  which  a  foreign 
doctor  is  always  welcome.     A  few  of  the  more  important  hos- 


136  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

pitals  are  given  below.     The  numbers  given  are  the  number 
of  patients  annually  treated  at  the  hospital. 

Cancer. 

Cancer  Hospital,  Brompton,  S.  W.  ;  Office  167  Piccadilly, 
\V. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  J.  Hayward,  H.  L.  Snow,  M.D.,  and 
F.  A.  Purcell,  M.D.  House  Surgeon  and  Registrar,  Mr.  N. 
W.  Bournes.     In-patients,  306  ;  out-patients,  721. 

St.  Saviour's  Cancer  Hospital,  Osnaburg  Street,  Regent's 
Park,  N.  W. — Physician,  Dr.  W.  F.  Laurie  ;  Assistant  Physi- 
cian, Mr.  J.  Dixon ;  Surgeon,  Mr.  H.  Robinson ;  House  Sur- 
geon, Mr.  G.  F.  Emerton.    In-patients,  107  ;  out-patients,  261. 

Children. 

Belgrade  Hospital  for  children,  77  and  79  Gloucester  Street, 
S.  W. — Physicians,  Drs.  Hope  and  Ewart ;  Surgeons,  Messrs. 
Bennett  and  Dent ;  House  Surgeon,  Mr.  F.  D.  C.  Hawkins. 
In-patients,  87  ;  out-patients,  886. 

Cheyne  Hospital,  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea,  S.  W. — Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Dr.  R.  Southey,  Mr.  J.  P.  Bartlett,  and  Mr.  J. 
F.  C.  Macready.     33  beds. 

Hast  London  Hospital  for  children  and  dispensary  for  wo- 
men, Shad  well,  E. — Physicians,  Drs.  Eustace  Smith  and  H. 
B.  Donkin  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  A.  Csesar  and  H.  A.  Reeves ; 
Ophthalmic  Surgeon,  Mr.  G.  Cowell.  Assistant  Physicians, 
Dr.  F.  Warner  and  H.  Radcliffe  Crocker  ;  Assistant  Surgeon, 
3iir.  R.  \V.  Parker.     In-patients,  669  ;  out-patients,  8,577. 

Evelina  Hospital  for  sick  children,  Southwark  Bridge 
Road,  S.  E. — Physicians  for  in-patients,  Drs.  E.  B.  Baxter, 
and  F.  Taylor  ;  Physician  for  out-patients,  Dr.  J.  F.  Good- 
hart  ;  Surgeons  for  in-patients,  Messrs.  Morant  Baker  and 
H.  G.  Howse  ;  Surgeons  for  out-patients,  Mr.  R.  C.  Lucas  ; 
Resident  Medical  Officer,  W.  H.  White.  In-patients,  383; 
out-patients,  5,271. 

Hospital  for  sick  children,  19  Great  Ormond  Street,  "W.  C. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUROPE.  137 

— Physicians,  Drs.  Dickinson,  Gee,  and  Cheadle  ;  Assistant 
Physicians,  Drs.  R.  J.  Lee,  O.  Sturges,  T.  Barlow,  D.  B.  Lees, 
and  R.  Bridges  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  T.  Smith  and  H.  Marsh ; 
Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  E.  Owen,  and  J.  H.  Morgan  ; 
Resident  Medical  Officers,  Drs.  F.  G.  D.  Drewett  and  W.  E. 
Steavonson.  In-patients,  1,119 ;  out-patients,  12.607.  Lec- 
tures on  diseases  of  children  are  given  weekly  during  the  win- 
ter by  the  physicians  and  surgeons.  The  in-patients  are  vis- 
ited at  1  p.m.  ;  the  out-patients  are  attended  at  9  a.m. 

North-Eastern  Hospital  for  children,  Hackney  Road,  E. — 
Physicians,  Drs.  Sansoni,  Cayley,  Turner,  and  Semple  ;  Sur- 
geon, Mr.  W.  Taig  ;  House  Surgeon,  Mr.  R.  Steele.  In-pa- 
tients, 397  ;  out-patients,  13,172. 

North-Wed  London  Free  Dispensary  for  sick  children,  12 
Bell  Street,  Edgeware  Road,  W. — Physicians,  Drs.  J.  W. 
Langraore  Morshead  and  A.  Waller.     Patients,  3,361. 

Victoria  Hospital  for  sick  children,  Queen's  Road,  Chelsea, 
S.  W. — Physicians,  Drs.  Julian  Evans  and  T.  Ridge  Jones  ; 
Physicians  for  out-patients,  Drs.  W.  C.  Grigg,  J.  P.  Irvine, 
W.  H.  Allchin,  and  A.  Venn  ;  Surgeon,  Mr.  G.  Cowell  ;  Sur- 
geons for  out-patients,  Messrs.  F.  Churchill  and  W.  Pye  ; 
House  Surgeon,  Mr.  W.  C.  Chaffey.  In-patients,  176  ;  out- 
patients, 15,160. 

Consumption  and  Diseases  op  the  Lungs. 

City  of  London  Hospntal  for  diseases  of  the  chest,  Victoria 
Park,  E. — Physicians,  Dr.  J.  C.  Thorowgood,  A.  B.  Shepherd, 
E.  Smith,  and  J.  Berkart ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  J.  M. 
Fothergill,  S.  West,  G.  A.  Heron,  V.  D.  Harris,  J.  A.  Orme- 
rod,  and  P.  Kidd.  Resident  Medical  Officer,  Dr.  H.  G. 
Orbebar.  In-patients,  789  ;  out-patients,  16,117.  Informa- 
tion respecting  medical  instruction  at  the  hospital  may  be 
obtained  on  application  to  the  physicians. 

Hospital  for  consumption  and  diseases  of  the  chest,  Bromp- 
ton,  S.  W.— Physicians,  Drs.  J.  E.  Pollock,  E.  S.  Thompson, 


13S  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

C.  T.  Williams,  R.  T.  Powell,  J.  Tatham,  and  R.  E.  Thomp- 
son ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  J.  B.  Yeo,  F.  T.  Roberts,  T. 
H.  GreeD,  J.  M.  Bruce,  W.  Ewart,  and  J.  K.  Fowler  ;  Resi- 
dent Medical  Officer,  Mr.  F.  J.  Hicks.  In-patients,  1,0-41  ; 
out-patients,  11,975.  Pupils  are  admitted  to  the  practice  of 
the  wards  and  out-patient  department  on  payment  of  a  fee 
of  three  guineas  for  three  months. 

Margaret  Street  Infirmary  for  consumption  and  diseases  of 
the  chest  and  throat,  26  Margaret  Street,  Cavendish  Square, 
W. — Physicians,  Drs.  Tony  Jagielski  and  J.  G.  Barratt ;  Visit- 
ing Physicians,  Drs.  H.  S.  Bennett,  A.  T.  T.  Wise,  E.  Payne, 
J.  F.  Palmer,  R.  A.  Gibbons,  R.  F.  Phibbs,  andT.  C.  Marsh  ; 
Surgeon,  Mr.  F.  Card  Beard.     Patients,  2,000. 

North  London  Hospital  for  consumption.  In-patients, 
Mount  Vernon,  Hanrpstead,  N.  W.  ;  out-patients  and  Secre- 
tary's office,  216  Tottenham  Court  Road. — Physicians,  Drs. 
Timms,  R.  L.  Johnson,  A.  Evershed,  E.  Haward,  E.  Burrell, 
R.  T.  Smith,  W.  Squire,  and  T.  S.  Dowse.  In-patients,  271  ; 
out-patients,  6,320. 

Eoyal  Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  chest,  City  Road,  E.  C. — 
Physicians,  Drs.  G.  Goddard  Rodgers,  P.  J.  Hensley,  T.  Gil- 
bert Smith,  and  D.  W.  Finlay ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs. 
W.  Murrell,  H.  S.  Gabbett,  and  W.  H.  White  ;  Surgeon,  Mr. 
W.  J.  Walsham  ;  House  Physician,  Mr.  W.  H.  H.  Jessop. 
In-patients,  260  ;  out-patients,  6,372. 

(See  also  under  Throat. ) 

Ear. 

Royal  Ear  Hospital,  66  Frith  Street,  Soho  Square,  W. — Sur- 
geon, N.  Pritchard  ;  Assistant  Surgeon,  F.  Matheson.  Pa- 
tients, 2,400. 

(See  also  under  Throat.) 

Fever. 
London  Fever  Hospital,    Liverpool   Road,  N. — Physicians, 
Drs.  W.  Cayley  and  F.  A.  Mahomed  ;    Assistant   Physician, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  130 

Dr.  G.  C.  Henderson  ;  Resident  Medical  Officer,  Dr.  W. 
Tonge-Smith.     Beds,  260. 

Homerton  Fever  Hospital,  E. — Medical  Officer,  Dr.  A.  Col- 
lie ;  Assistant  Medical  Officer,  Mr.  F.  T.  Turning.  In-pa- 
tients, 1,077. 

Stockwell  Fever  Hospital,  S.  AY. — Medical  Officer,  Mr.  P.  H. 
M.  Mackellor  ;  Assistant  Medical  Officer,  Mr.  H.  Howard. 
Patients,  1,044. 

Fistula. 

St.  Mark's  Hospital  for  fistula  and  other  diseases  of  rectum, 
City  Road,  E.  C. — Honorary  Physician,  Dr.  Hall  ;  Honorary 
Surgeons,  Messrs.  P.  Y.  Gowland  and  W.  Allingham.  Hon- 
orary Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  A.  Cooper  and  D.  H.  Good- 
all  ;  House  Surgeon,  Mr.  C.  J.  Ogle.  In-patients,  217  ;  out- 
patients, 2,166. 

Heart. 

National  Hosptital  for  diseases  of  the  heart  and  paralysis,  32 
Soho  Square,  AY. — Honorary  Medical  Officers,  Dr.  G.  Rids- 
dale,  V.  Ambler,  B.  A.  Duncan,  and  R.  L.  Yerley.  In-patients, 
119  ;  out  patients,  8,077. 

Hrp. 

Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  hip  in  childhood,  18  Queen's 
Square,  Bloorusbury,  AY.  C.  ;  Surgeon,  Mr.  H.  Marsh  ;  As- 
sistant Surgeon,  Mr.  J.  II.  Morgan.     In-patients,  155. 

Insane. 

Bethlem  Royal  Hospital  for  lunatics  (Bedlam),  St.  George's 
Fields,  S.  E. — Resident  Physician  and  Medical  Superintend- 
ent, Dr.  G.  H.  Savage  ;  Assistant  Medical  Officer,  Dr.  AY.  E. 
R.  Wood.     300  beds 

St.  Lukes  Hospital  for  lunatics,  Old  Street,  E.  C. — Physi- 


140  A    GUIDE    TO    AMEBIC  AN 

cians,  Dr.  H.  Munro  and  D.  Wood  ;  Surgeon,  Mr.  A.  Willet ; 
Resident  Medical  Superintendent,  Mr.  G.  Mickley.     200  beds. 

Nervous  Diseases  and  Epilepsy. 

Hospital  for  Epilepsy  and  paralysis  and  other  diseases  of 
the  nervous  system,  Portland  Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  N.  W. — 
Physicians,  Drs.  J.  Althaus,  A.  H.  Bennett,  T.  S.  Dowse,  and 
W.  A.  Sturge ;  Assistant-Physician,  Mr.  A.  de  Watteville  ; 
Surgeon,  3Mr.  J.  A.  Bloxam  ;  Ophthalmic  Surgeon,  Dr.  W.  L. 
Purvis.     In-patients,  64  ;  out-patients,  6,298. 

West  End  Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  pa- 
ralysis, and  epilepsy,  73  Welbeck  Street,  W. — Physicians, 
Drs.  H.  Tibbits  and  G.  A.  Heron  ;  Assistant-Physicians,  Drs. 
W.  Edmunds  and  G.  L.  Laycock ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  A. 
Cooper  and  F.  R.  Fisher. 

National  Hospital  for  the  paralyzed  and  epileptic,  23-25 
Queen  Square,  W.  C. — Physicians,  Dr.  Ramskill,  Radcliffe, 
Hughlings-Jackson,  and  Buzzard  ;  Physicians  for  Out-patients, 
Drs.  H.  Charlton  Bastian,  AY.  R.  Gowers,  and  D.  Ferrier ; 
Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  J.  A.  Ormerod  and  P.  Horrocks ; 
Surgeon,  Mr.  W.  Adams.  In-patients,  596  ;  out-patients, 
4,394  The  in-patients  and  out-patients  are  attended  about 
3  p.m.  ;  on  Monday  by  Drs.  Radcliffe,  Gowers,  Horrocks, 
and  Adams  ;  on  Tuesday  by  Drs.  Ramskill,  Bastian,  and  Or- 
merod ;  on  Wednesday  by  Drs.  Buzzard  and  Ormerod  ;  on 
Friday  by  Drs.  Hughlings-Jackson,  David  Ferrier,  and  P. 
Horrocks. 

Lyestg-lx. 

British  Lying-in  Hospital,  Endell  Street,  Long  Acre,  W.  C. 
— Physicians,  Drs.  Heywood  Smith  and  Francourt  Barnes. 
In-patients,  160  ;  out-patients,  600. 

City  of  London  Lying-in  Hospital,  City  Road,  E.  C. — Sur- 
geon-Accoucheur, P.  L.  Burchell ;  District  Surgeons,  Messrs. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  141 

G.  E.  Yarrow,  M.  Greenwood,  F.  Godfrey,  and  \Y.  Burton. 
In-patients,  387  ;  out-patients,  1,121. 

General  Lying-in  Hospital,  York  Road,  Lambeth,  S.  E. — 

Visiting  Physician,  ;  House  Physician,  Mr.  G.  L.  Pad- 

dington.     In-patients,  250  ;  out-patients,  750. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Lying-in  Hospital,  Marylebone  Road,  N. 
W. — Physicians  to  In-patients,  Drs.  Hope  and  Grigg  ;  Physi- 
cian to  Out-patients,  Dr.  F.  H.  Champney  ;  Resident  Medical 
Officer,  Mr.  N.  Dalton.     In-patients,  575  ;  out-patients,  G52. 

Boyal  Jlatemity  C  J  tar  it  y  for  delivering  poor  married  women 
at  their  own  habitations,  31  Finsbury  Square,  E.  C. — Physi- 
cians, Drs.  J.  Hall  Dayis  and  G.  Roper  ;  Assistant  Physicians, 
Drs.  Fancourt  Barnes  and  G.  Herman.  3,000  deliveries  an- 
nually. 

'St.  John's  House  and  Sisterhood  Maternity  Home  for  poor 
married  women,  Tadema  Road,  Chelsea,  S.  W. — Physician, 
Dr.  R.  M.  Coffin.     In-patients,  105  ;  out-patients,  130. 

St.  Saviour's  Hospital  and  refuge  for  women  and  children, 
Alfred  Terrace,  Upper  Hollo  way,  N. — Physicians,  Drs.  R. 
Greenhal^h  and  W.  S.  Plavfair  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  E.  Batt 
and  J.  Henry.     Patients,  113. 

Farringdon  General  Dispensary  and  lying-in  charity,  17 
Bartlett's  Buildings,  Holborn,  E.  C. — Physician,  Dr.  W.  H. 
Stretton  ;  Physician- Accoucheur,  Dr.  J.  Tanner  ;  Surgeons, 
Messrs.  S.  Benton  and  W.  C.  Blaker  ;  Resident  Medical  Offi- 
cer, Mr.  F.  W.  W.  GoodalL     Out-patients,  26,176. 

Ophthalmic. 

Central  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Gray's  Inn  Road,  W. 
C. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  J.  S.  Wilkinson,  T.  B.  Archer,  and  G. 
Abbott  ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  "YT.  Lang  and  W.  S. 
Byrne.     Patients,  6,000.     Patients  are  seen  at  1  p.m. 

Boyal  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Bloomneld  Street,  Moor- 
fields,  E.  C. — Surgeons,   Messrs.  Wordsworth,  Streatfield,  J. 


112  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 

W.  Hulke,  G.  Lawson,  and  J.  Couper  ;  Assistant  Surgeons, 
Messrs.  J.  E.  Adams,  W.  Tay,  J.  Tweedy,  and  E.  W.  Lyell. 
In-patients,  1,431  ;  out-patients,  20,862.  This  is  the  most 
popular  of  the  eye  clinics  of  London.  The  patients  are  seen 
daily  at  9.30. 

Royal  South  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  6  St.  George's 
Circus,  Soutkwark,  S.  E. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  W.  Spencer 
Watson  and  M.  M.  Mc Hardy ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  A. 
S.  Morton  and  J.  B.  Mackinlay.     Patients,  5,064 

Royal  Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  King  William 
Street,  Strand,  W.  C. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  H.  Powell,  J. 
House,  G.  Cowell,  C.  Macnamara.  In-patients,  430  ;  out- 
patients, 9,500.     Patients  are  seen  at  1  p.m. 

Western  Eye  Hospital,  218  Marylebone  Boad,  N.  W. — Sur- 
geon, Mr.  D.  Freeman.     Patients,  25,700. 

Western  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  153-155  Marylebone  Eoad, 
N.  W. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  T.  B.  Archer,  J.  S.  Wilkinson,  and 
J.  G.  Mackinlay.     In-patients,  66  ;  out-patients,  2,977. 

Orthopaedic. 

City  Orthopaedic  Hospital,  Hatton  Garden,  E.  C. — Surgeon, 
Mr.  E.  J.  Chance.     Patients,  1,752. 

National  Hospital  for  the  deformed,  234  Great  Portland 
Street,  W. — Physician,  Dr.  J.  Cavafy  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  F. 
E.  Fisher  and  O.  Vincent.  In-patients,  110  ;  out-patients, 
2,700. 

Royal  Orthopaedic  Hospital  for  the  cure  of  club-foot,  lateral 
curvature  of  the  spine,  and  all  other  contractions  and  deform- 
ities, 315  Oxford  Street,  W. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  B.  E.  Brod- 
hurst,  H.  A.  Beeves,  C.  Bead,  and  W.  E.  Balkwill ;  Eesident 
Medical  Officer,  Mr.  H.  F.  Baker.     Patients,  1,400. 

Sken. 

British  Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  skin,  56  Great  Marl- 
borough Street,  W.  (west  branch)  ;  12a  Finsbury  Square,  E. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN    EUROPE.  143 

C.  (east  branch) ;  1>  Newington  Butts,  S.  E.  (south  branch). — 
Surgeons,  Messrs.  Balmanno  Squire  and  G.  Gaskoin.  Pa- 
tients, 6,059.  Medical  students  and  practitioners  are  ad- 
mitted to  the  practice  in  this  hospital.  Fee,  three  guineas 
for  three  months. 

Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  skin,  52  Stamford  Street,  Black- 
friars,  S.  E. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  J.  Hutchinson  and  W.  Tay  ; 
Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  W.  Cottle  and  E.  B.  Baxter. 
Patients  from  800  to  1,000  weekly.  An  excellent  clinic  is 
held  here  on  Thursdays. 

National  Institution  for  diseases  of  the  skin,  227  Gray's  Inn 
Road,  W.  C. — Physician,  Dr.  Barr  Meadows. 

St.  Johns  Hospital  for  skin  diseases,  Leicester  Square,  W. 
C— Physicians,  P.  Oates  and  V.  Ambler  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs, 
J.  L.  Milton,  W.  J.  Bowden,  and  J.  Startin  ;  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, Mr.  T.  Robinson.     In-patients,  66  ;  out-patients,  3,027. 

Western  Dispensary  for  skin  diseases  179  Great  Portland 
St.,  "W.     Surgeon,  Dr.  C.  O.  Aspray. 

Small-Pox. 

Small-pox  and  Vaccination  Hospital,  Highgate  Hill,  N. — 
Resident  Surgeon,  Mr.  H.  Goude.     108  beds. 

Homerton  Small-pox  Hospital,  E. — Medical  Superinten- 
dent, Dr.  W.  Gayton.     Patients,  698. 

Stockwell  Small-pox  Hospital,  S.  W. — Medical  Superinten- 
dent, Mr.  F.  R  Bernard.     102  beds. 

Stone. 

St.  Peter's  Hospital  for  stone  and  genito-urinary  diseases, 
51  Berners  Street,  W. — Surgeons,  W.  J.  Coulson  and  W.  F. 
Teevan  ;  Assistant  Surgeon,  Dr.  F.  R.  Heycock  ;  Resident 
Medical  Officer,  Mr.  J.  Whitehouse.  In-patients,  154  ;  out- 
patients, 14,000.  The  practice  of  this  hospital  is  free  to  med- 
ical men  and  students. 


144  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN 


TmiOAT. 


Hospital  for  diseases  of  throat  and  chest,  Golden  Square, 
W.,  and  Newington  Butts,  S.  E. — Physicians,  Drs.  Morell 
Mackenzie,  Hunter  Semple,  Prosser  James,  W.  MacNeill 
Whistler,  and  F.  Semon  ;  Surgeon,  Dr.  E.  Woakes.  In-pa- 
tients, 182  ;  out-patients,  5,010.  The  practice  of  the  hospital 
is  open  to  students  and  to  members  of  the  medical  profession. 
Eee,  three  guineas  for  three  months.  Daily  laryngoscopic 
demonstrations  are  given  at  2.30  p.m.  The  oxy-hydrogen 
light  is  used  by  Dr.  Morell  Mackenzie  every  Monday  and 
Thursday. 

Central  London  throat  and  ear  hospital,  Gray's  Inn  Pioad, 
W.  C. — Surgeons,  Messrs.  Lennox-Brown  and  L.  M.  Thomas  ; 
Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  G.  R.  Steil,  F.  G.  Hamilton,  and 
A.  W.  Orwin  ;  Defects  of  Sj)eech,  Mr.  "W.  Yan  Praagh.  In- 
patients, 63  ;  out-patients,  4,433.  The  practice  of  the  hospi- 
tal is  open  to  students  and  medical  practitioners.  Fee  for 
three  months  two  guineas.  The  patients  are  seen  daily  at  2.30 
and  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays  at  6.30. 

Municipal  Throat  and  ear  infirmary,  City  Road,  E.  C. — 
Medical  Officers,  Drs.  W.  G.  Holmes  and  J.  A.  Hatch.  Pa- 
tients, 1,100.  Five  clinics  are  held  weekly,  Mondays,  AYednes-- 
clays,  and  Fridays,  11  to  12,  Tuesdays  and  Thursdays,  7  to  8, 
which  are  free  to  medical  practitioners  and  students. 

South  Belgrama  Dispensary  for  diseases  of  throat,  chest,  and 
ear,  74  Lupus  Street,  S.  AY. — Medical  Officers,  Mr.  A.  Phillips 
and  Dr.  H.  Ross.     Patients,  250  weekly. 

Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. 

Hospital  for  diseases  of  women  and  children,  3  and  4  Yin- 
cent  Square,  S.  W. — Medical  Officers,  G.  de  Gorrequer  Grif- 
fith, Oates,  Folwell,  and  Dewar.  In-patients,  73  ;  out-patients, 
1,790. 

Royal  Hospital  for  children  and  women,  Waterloo  Road, 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS   IN   EUBOFE.  145 

S.  E. — Physicians,  Dr.  G.  V.  Poore,  W.  Park,  G.  Roper,  and 
E.  Burrell ;  Surgeon,  Mr.  E.  Canton ;  Resident  Medical  Offi- 
cer, Mr.  E.  O.  Day.     In-patients,  384  ;  out-patients,  7,292.    • 

Samaritan  Free  Hospital  for  women  and  children,  Lower  Sey- 
mour Street,  Portman  Square,  W. — Physicians  for  In-patients, 
Drs.  Routh  and  Rogers  ;  Physicians  for  Children,  Drs.  W.  H. 
Day  and  Wynne  "Williams  ;  Surgeons  for  In-patients,  Messrs. 
G.  G.  Bantock  and  J.  K.  Thornton  ;  Physicians  for  Out-pa- 
tients, Drs.  Wynn  Williams,  P.  Boulton,  F.  H.  Champneys, 
and  M.  Prickett ;  Surgeons  for  Out-patients,  Messrs.  A.  H.  G. 
Doran  and  W.  A.  Meredith.  In-patients,  483  ;  out-patients, 
6,683. 

The  Hospital  for  Women,  Soho  Square,  W. — Physicians,  Drs. 
Protheroe  Smith,  Heywood  Smith,  and  Carter ;  Assistant 
Physicians,  Drs.  R.  T.  Smith,  Holland,  and  Mansell-Morillin  ; 
Surgeon,  Mr.  H.  A.  Reeves.  In-patients,  440  ;  out-patients, 
3,565.  The  practice  of  the  hospital  is  free  to  members  of 
the  medical  profession  and  students.  Out-patients  are  seen 
daily  at  10  a.m.     Operations  on  Thursday  at  2  p.  m. 

West  London  Hospital,  Hammersmith,  London,  W. — Physi- 
cians, Drs.  Goddard  Rogers  and  Thorowgood  :  Physician  for 
Diseases  of  Women,  Dr.  Wiltshire  ;  Surgeons,  Messrs.  Wil- 
liam F.  Teevan  and  Alfred  Cooper  ;  Surgeon  for  Diseases  of  the 
Eye,  Mr.  B.  J.  Vernon  ;  Assistant  Physicians,  Drs.  Fish, 
Milner  Fothergill,  and  Hood  ;  Assistant  Surgeons,  Messrs.  C. 
B.  Keetley,  F.  Swinford  Edwards,  J.  H  Morgan.  In-patients, 
569 ;  out-patients,  21,532.  The  practice  of  this  hospital  is 
free  to  medical  men  and  students. 

In  the  above  list  of  hospitals  the  names  of  the  considting 
physicians  and  surgeons  are  omitted.  Only  the  names  of 
those  actually  visiting  the  hospitals  being  given. 

There  are  many  other  hospitals  and  dispensaries  in  London, 
but  they  are  not  of  so  much  interest  to  the  medical  student. 
7 


1-iG  A   GUIDE   TO   AMERICAN 

DUBLIN. 

.  Some  American  doctors  go  to  Dublin  to  study  obstetrics 
in  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  although  this  hospital  offers  no  ad- 
vantages for  study  over  those  of  Vienna,  Prague,  or  Dresden, 
excej)t  that  the  English  language  is  spoken  in  it.  There  is 
another  lying-in  hospital  in  Dublin  of  about  half  the  size  of 
the  Rotunda,  which  offers  no  special  advantages  for  study. 

The  officers  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital  are  a  "master,"  two 
"sub-masters,"  a  clinical  clerk,  and  internes  and  externes. 
It  is  the  two  latter  offices  which  are  open  to  students.  The 
position  of  externe  is  not  a  very  desirable  one  for  a  doctor, 
and  almost  all  the  externes  are  students  of  Trinity  College 
Medical  School.  An  externe  lives  outside  of  the  hospital. 
He  is  on  duty  but  two  nights  in  the  week,  from  9  p.m.  to  9 
a.m.,  and  his  card  of  admission  allows  him  to  enter  the  hos- 
pital at  no  other  time  except  at  the  hour  that  the  Master 
makes  his  morning  visit  through  the  wards.  He  is,  however, 
allowed  to  attend  the  daily  gynecological  clinic  for  out-pa- 
tients, and  to  see  whatever  is  going  on  in  the  auxiliary  hos- 
pital* for  gynecological  cases.  It  is  not  necessary  to  make 
application  in  advance  for  the  joosition  of  externe.  The  fee 
for  the  first  month  is  £3  3s.,  and  for  each  month  after  the  first 
£2  2s. 

The  position  of  interne  is  what  foreign  doctors  desire,  and 
the  internes  are  principally  Englishmen  and  Scotchmen  with 
an  occasional  American.  It  is  necessary  to  make  application 
for  the  position  of  interne  in  advance,  especially  in  the  spring 
and  summer  months,  at  which  time  there  is  a  large  influx  of 
English  students.  On  this  account  the  fall  and  winter  months 
are  the  best  for  study  in  Dublin.  In  making  application  for 
the  j)lace,  a  draft  for  £6  6s.  must  be  enclosed  as  advance  pay- 
ment for  the  first  month.  This  money  is,  of  course,  returned 
if  the  application  is  not  granted.  For  every  month  after  the 
first  the  cost  is  £3  3s. 


MEDICAL    STUDENTS    IN    EUROPE.  147 

The  internes  have  rooms  in  the  hospital.  The  rooms  over 
the  dispensary  are  the  best,  as  they  are  freer  from  bad  odors. 
It  is  well  for  a  student  to  express  his  preference  for  these 
rooms  in  his  application.  The  internes  form  a  "mess,"  and 
choose  one  of  their  number  as  steward,  who  caters  for  them 
during  his  term  of  service  (usually  one  or  two  months).  The 
"mess"  costs  each  student  about  £1  per  week. 

On  his  arrival  at  the  hospital  the  interne  registers  his  name 
at  the  "  Lodge  "  and  is  expected  to  give  the  "  porter  "  2s.  Gd. 
for  the  privilege.  This  fee  and  another  one,  also  of  2s.  Gd., 
which  is  paid  to  the  nurse  in  whose  ward  the  first  cord  is  tied, 
are  the  only  ones  which  it  is  customary  to  give.  After  the 
interne  has  registered,  the  Master  gives  him  a  card  of  ad- 
mission to  the  wards  and  assigns  him  two  days  of  duty  in 
each  week.  On  these  days  he,  with  the  other  "  students  of 
the  day,"  takes  charge  of  the  ward  at  9  a.m.,  and  all  of  the 
cases  then  in  labor  in  the  hospital,  or  which  may  be  admitted 
before  9  p.m.  The  cases  are  distributed  among  the  students 
in  turn  as  they  may  arrange  among  themselves.  The  in- 
terne has  charge  of  the  case.  He  supports  the  perineum,  and 
he  decides  whether  operative  interference  is  necessary,  but  he 
is  not  allowed  to  operate,  and  he  will  be  extremely  fortunate 
if  he  obtains  permission  to  apply  the  forceps  or  to  perforin 
version.  The  "  students  of  the  day  "  are  also  sent  out  into 
the  town  to  attend  any  case  of  labor  which  may  apply.  There 
are  often  several  of  these  cases  daily.  If  any  difficulty  pre- 
sents itself  in  such  a  case,  the  student  is  expected  to  send  to 
the  hospital  for  assistance.  When  an  interne  is  not  on  duty 
he  has  a  right  to  be  present  in  the  wards,  and  he  can  almost 
always  obtain  permission  of  the  "  students  of  the  day  "  to  ex- 
amine any  woman  in  labor.  Extra  cases,  particularly  those 
of  out-patients,  can  often  be  obtained,  especially  during  the 
winter  months,  when  there  are  not  so  many  students  in  the 
hospital.  The  midwife  is  obliged  to  ring  a  bell  hanging  in 
the   "mess  room "  whenever,  in  a  normal  labor,   the  head 


14S  A    GUIDE    TO    AMERICAN    STUDENTS. 

touches  the  perineum,  and  notice  is  given  to  all  internes 
within  the  hospital  gates  of  an  abnormal  position  requiring 
operative  interference,  or  of  any  impending  operation. 

The  number  of  women  delivered  in  the  Rotunda  Hospital 
averages  about  one  hundred  per  month,  and  the  number  de- 
livered at  their  homes  about  fiftv.  The  number  of  internes 
varies  from  two  or  three  to  ten  or  fifteen.  Puerperal  cases 
with  complications  are  often  put  under  the  special  care  of 
one  student,  and  thus  he  acquires  a  practical  knowledge  of 
passing  the  catheter,  syringing  out  the  uterus,  etc. 

A  daily  gynecological  clinic  for  out-patients  is  open  to  both 
internes  and  externes,  and  in  this  clinic  a  student  has  an  op- 
portunity to  learn,  practically,  how  to  introduce  the  sound 
and  srjeculuHi,  how  to  scarify  and  make  applications  to  the 
cervix,  etc.  In  the  auxiliary  hospital,  containing  about  forty 
beds  for  gynecological  cases,  a  daily  morning  visit  is  made, 
and  operations  for  ruptured  perineum,  vesico-vaginal  fistula, 
etc.,  are  performed  before  the  students. 

A  short  course  of  lectures  on  obstetrics  is  delivered  by  the 
Sub-Master. 

"When  an  interne  has  once  secured  his  room  in  the  Rotunda 
Hospital  he  may  retain  it  as  long  as  he  pleases,  giving  notice 
from  month  to  month.  At  the  end  of  six  months'  residence 
in  the  hospital  he  is  entitled  to  a  diploma,  and  he  is  then  eli- 
gible for  the  position  of  clinical  clerk.  The  average  student 
will  probably  find  a  residence  of  one  or  two  months  in  the 
hospital  quite  long  enough. 


APPENDIX. 


In  the  interval  of  almost  a  year  which  has  elapsed  between 
the  writing  and  the  publication  of  this  book,  a  number  of 
changes  have  taken  place  in  the  corps  of  instructors  in  the 
different  universities.  The  great  majority  of  these  changes 
have  been  among  the  assistants,  and  are,  therefore,  of  little 
importance  to  students  ;  for,  as  is  mentioned  in  the  body  of 
the  book,  as  long  as  the  same  professor  remains  at  the  head 
of  a  department,  the  assistants  follow  closely  his  manner  of 
teaching,  and  each  assistant  instructs  very  much  as  did  his 
predecessor.  Some  of  the  changes  which  have  been  made 
have  been  incorporated  in  the  body  of  the  work,  and  the  rest 
are  given  below  : 

Berlin  has  lost  Privat-docent  Dr.  Binswanger.  To  the  corps 
of  instructors  have  been  added  Prof.  Meyer,  instruction 
at  the  medical  polyclinic  of  the  university  ;  Privat-do- 
cent Dr.  A.  "Wemich,  hygiene  ;  Dr.  Gluck,  surgery  of  tu- 
mors ;  Dr.  A.  Baginsky,  children's  diseases,  with  demon- 
strations ;  Dr.  M.  Sehiiller,  surgical  anatomy. 

Bonn  has  lost  Profs.  Obernier  and  Madelung,  and  Privat-do- 
cent Dr.  H.  Schulz.  To  the  corps  of  instructors  have  been 
added  Privat-docents  Dr.  Th.  Rump,  diagnosis  of  nervous 
diseases,  1 ;  electro-therapeutics,  3  ;  Dr.  O.  Witzel,  diag- 
nosis of  surgical  diseases,  1 ;  special  surgery  of  head, 
neck,  and  breast,  2. 


150  APPENDIX. 

Beeslau  lias  added  to  its  corps  of  instructors  Privat-docents 
Dr.  Tb.  Kroner,  uterine  tumors  with  demonstrations,  1, 
review  of  obstetrics,  2  ;  Dr.  F.  Rohmann,  physiological 
chemistry,  with  experiments,  3  ;  practical  exercises  in 
chemistry,  2. 

Erlangen  has  lost  Prof.  Trott. 

Freiburg  has  lost  Prof.  Rohrig.  To  the  corps  of  instructors 
have  been  added  Privat-docents  Dr.  J.  Strasser,  syndes- 
mology,  4 ;  topographical  anatomy,  2  ;  Dr.  A.  Kast,  ex- 
amination of  urine  and  sputa,  2 ;  diseases  of  the  stomach 
and  their  treatment,  1. 

Giessen  has  lost  Prof.  Ahlfeld. 

Greifswald  has  lost  Prof.  C.  Hiiter  and  A.  Eulenburg,  and 
Privat-docent  Dr.  M.  Schiiller.  To  the  corps  of  instruc- 
tion have  been  added  Prof.  H.  Schulz,  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics,  4 ;  F.  Rinne,  surgery ;  Privat-docents 
Dr.  P.  Strlibing,  diseases  of  larynx  and  laryngoscopy,  3  ; 
Dr.  Th.  SchondorrT,  clinic  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  2. 

Halle  has  lost  Prof.  Alb.  Jahn.  To  the  corps  of  instructors 
has  been  added  Privat-docent  Dr.  H.  Hessler,  diseases  of 
the  ear,  3. 

Heidelberg,  Prof.  Erb  lectures  on  nervous  diseases  in  the 
winter  semester,  and  on  diseases  of  the  heart,  lungs,  etc., 
in  the  summer  semester.  To  the  corps  of  instructors  has 
been  added  Prof.  F.  Knauff,  medical  jurisprudence. 

Jena  has  lost  Prof.  Siebert  who  is  replaced  by  Prof.  Bins- 
wander. 

Konigsburg  has  lost  Privat-docent  Dr.  P.  Albrecht.  To  the 
corps  of  instructors  have  been  added  Privat-docents  Dr. 
G.  Stetter,  dislocations,  1 ;  diseases  of  the  ear,  1  ;  Dr. 
A.  Yossius,  physical  diagnosis  of  the  eye,  1 ;  ophthalmo- 
scopic exercises,  2. 

Munich  has  lost  Profs.  Seitz  and  Heeker,  and  Privat-docent 
Dr.  Brattler.  To  the  corps  of  instructors  have  been 
added  Privat-docents  Dr.  M.  Stump,  diseases  of  infants, 


APPENDIX.  151 

2  ;  practical  obstetrical  course,  3  ;  Drs.  0.  Eversbusch, 
diseases  of  the  eye,  ophthalmoscope  courses ;  Dr.  J. 
Eiickert,  autopsies. 

Prague  has  lost  Prof.  Eittershain. 

Vienna  :  Prof.  Nothnagel's  course  is  very  much  liked  by  the 
students,  aud  it  is  crowded.  His  assistants  are  Kogerer 
and  Jaksck.  Privat-docent  Dr.  Jac.  Weiss'  course  on  in- 
sanity was  by  mistake  omitted  from  the  body  of  the  work. 
Dr.  H.  Chiari  has  left  Vienna  and  gone  to  Prague.  To 
the  corps  of  instructors  have  been  added  Privat-docent s 
Dr.  Fritsch,  the  lower  organisms  and  their  relation  to  in- 
fectious diseases  and  wounds  ;  examination  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  disease  for  germs  ;  Dr.  F.  Kretschky,  microscopy 
and  medical  chemistrv  in  clinical  medicine  ;  Dr.  J.  Mauth- 
ner,  chemistry  of  urine  ;  Dr.  F.  Kratsclnner,  physiologi- 
cal chemistry  ;  practical  hygiene. 

Wurzburg  has  lost  Prof.  Einecker.  To  the  corps  of  instruct- 
ors have  been  added  Privat-docents  Dr.  H.  Virchow,  his- 
tology, 4;  comparative  osteology,  3  ;  Dr.  H.  Eieger,  insan- 
itv,  4 

Zurich  has  lost  Privat-docent  M.  Kreiss.  To  the  corps  of 
instructors  have  been  added  Privat-docents  Dr.  E.  Kreiss, 
syphilitic  diseases,  2  ;  parasitic  skin  diseases,  1 ;  Dr.  Th. 
"Wvder,  review  of  theoretical  obstetrics,  3. 


